The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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144 (which also appears as castellas in Lombard Latin) is used by Dante as a plural castella, and this is flanked by castelle in other dialects; elsewhere it is only known as a place name, Sp. Castilla (and from Mozarabic the local place names Cazalla in Seville and Murcia and Cacella in Portugal), Prov., Cat., Ptg. Castella (Rum. pl. castele is a modern borrowing; the Portuguese form became the name of the Japanese kasutera cake). Italian has an old plural form mulina (and diminutive mulinella) from MOLINA ‘mill’ (actually an adjectival form coming from SAXA MOLINA ‘millstones’), which appears as a feminine in Prov., Cat., Sp. molina and Ptg. moina. SAXA ‘stones’ itself (feminine sing. in late Latin) is represented by the It. dial. pls. sasse, sassəra and Eng. collective sassa. Another adjectival form that replaced an earlier noun (unless it is a deverbal) is *IEIUNA for IEIUNIA ‘fasts’ (seemingly adjectivalized in “le ieiunia quattuor tempora” in the “Umbrian Confession”), which has given the It. dial. pls. jagiuna (ONeap.), digiune, digiunora, to which corresponds the Rum. ajunuri ‘eves’; singular forms are Surs. gigina, Eng. gegüna, OFr. jeune (fem. as well as masc.), Sp. en ayunas. A mysterious form *BOKJA or *BOTTJA appears in the Rum. pl. boŃuri ‘lumps’ (and in the fem. boaŃă, ‘pellet’ ?), and as a singular in It. bozza ‘boss’, ‘nautical stopper’ (I suspect that the similar boccia ‘bud’, ‘ball for bowling’, ‘head’ has been re-formed from *bocca on the pl. bocce and is therefore unconnected with bozza, cf. Rum. boacă ‘ball for bowling’, ‘head’, ‘turnip’; but the reverse may be the case, as we find the Surs. collective botscha for ‘hemp panicle’, ‘balls for bowling’, ‘round stones’), Fr. bosse, Prov. bossa ‘ditto’, Cat. bossoga ‘boss’, bossa ‘stopper’ (there is also a boç ‘muzzle’), Sp. boza, Ptg. boça ‘stopper’. For COAGULA ‘rennet’ we have Rum. pl. chiaguri (with metathesis) and the singulars Fr. dial. (Anjou) caille ‘rennet’, ‘curds’, Fr.-Prov. (Forez.) calhas ‘buttermilk’, Sp. cuaja ‘slime collected in a dried-up pond’. CAPISTRA ‘halters’ has given the Rum. pl. căpestre (sing. căpăstru) and a form chavestra which Meyer-Lübke (Schicks., p. 135) labels “Ladin”; it may be Dolomitic, as it is not found in 144
145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCULA ‘bonds’ comes OProv. Vincla ‘feast of St. Peter in Chains’. b) Other Rumanian and Italian pairs of words are Rum. linŃolii(le), ‘winding-sheets’ (for the ending -ii cf. salarii, auditorii etc.), and It. collective pl. lenzuola, dial. lenzuole ‘sheets’ from LINTEOLA ‘small linen cloths’. From SCUTA ‘shields’ come Rum. scuturi and It. (OGen.) scue, (OMarch.) scudura, and similarly from VINA ‘wines’ Rum. vinuri, It. (Sic.) vinura. Parallel learned forms are Rum. servicii(le) and It. (OPied.) servixie from SERVITIA ‘services’, Rum. vestigii(le), It. vestigia, vestig(g)e (in Dante) from VESTIGIA ‘footprints’, and Rum. palate, OIt. palaza from PALATIA ‘palaces’ (though the Rumanian form is clearly not inherited; perhaps a borrowing from Bulgarian). SUSPIRIA ‘sighs’ appears in re-formed Rum. suspine, It. dial. sospire. From AUGURIA ‘auguries’ we get Rum. ogururi ‘omens’ (via Turkish) and OIt. agura, agurie ‘ditto’ (sciagura ‘misfortune’ is a deverbal from sciagurare < *EXA(U)GURARE), Sard. sings. bonaura, malaura (dis-); in general only the sing. A(U)GURIU survived, but it may be that this is because in almost every area we find reflexes of IN BONA (MALA) HORA, which would effectively drive out A(U)GURIA. From CRIBRA ‘sieves’ we have Rum. ciure, It. dial. (Calab.) crivura, and as singulars Sic. criva, OCat. griva, and Sp. criba, Ptg. criva beside cribo, crivo, and from TRIBULA ‘threshing-sledges’ Rum. pl. trioare ‘flails’ beside the singulars It. tribbia ‘flail’ (and old tribbio), Calab. trilla, Sp. trilla (beside trillo) ‘threshing-harrow’ (this can also be a deverbal meaning ‘threshing’, like the Ptg. trilha, beside the masc. trilho ‘thresher’, and Log. triula, Camp. treula). VALLA ‘earth walls’, ‘ramparts’ gives the Rum. pl. valuri and the singulars Sp. valla ‘entrenchment’, Ptg. vala ‘ditch’. From UBERA ‘udders’, Rumanian has the pl. ugere and Old Italian the pl. ubera. The Lombard Latin sigillora ‘seals’ has its counterpart in Rum. sugele/sugie ‘whitlows’ (with u, as It. suggello ‘seal’), but there is no Rumanian form corresponding to Lombard Latin
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
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87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
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89 89 péšego), with another varie
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91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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