The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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162 The key words in this case are Fr. raie and rayer, which are not the continuators of OFr. raie and raier, these two having been superseded by rayon(nement) and rayonner; OFr. raie meant only ‘rays’ (“la raie du soleil”) or ‘embroidery’ (“raie de soie”), cf. the meanings of Occ. raio, rajo, while raier meant ‘radiate’, ‘spurt’, ‘flow’, which are among the meanings of Occ. raia, raja. The meanings of ‘streak’, ‘stripe’, ‘cross out’, belong to OFr. roier, which basically meant ‘make a furrow’, and the corresponding noun roie meant ‘furrow’, ‘measure of land’, ‘line’, ‘stripe’, ‘wrinkle’, and also ‘boundary’, ‘frontier’, senses which have much in common with the meanings of Occ. raio, Gasc. racho, Cat. ratlla, Sp. raya and Ptg. raia. Roie, which later became raie (cf. roide > raide ‘stiff’), comes from the Celtic *RĬCA ‘furrow’ (note that Fr. sillon, besides meaning ‘furrow’, can also mean ‘line’, ‘streak’, while ‘line (of plants)’, ‘row’ is one of the meanings of rayon). This *RĬCA is confined to Gallo-Romance, the Provençal and Catalan forms being rega (Sp. riego and Ptg. rego go back to RIGARE ‘water’, but there would appear to be some crossing with *RĬCA, as the words can mean ‘dry furrow’ as well as ‘water channel’). The modern Occ. rego/rejo/reio/reo etc. have the same basic range of meanings as OFr. roie, but the forms rejo/reio appear to show the influence of rajo/raio; as for the verb forms, Mistral lists reia under raia, giving ‘turn over with the plough’ as one of the meanings, and gives rega as equivalent to raia, besides having the meanings ‘furrow’, ‘plant in rows’. The modern Cat. rega means ‘furrow’, ‘wrinkle’, ‘ruled line’, ‘ladder in a stocking’; the verb regar basically represents RIGARE ‘water’, like Sp., Ptg. regar, but in Capcir (a region bordering France) it has the same meanings as ratllar, as well as that of ‘furrow’. In Italian we find the similar forms riga and rigare, but in this case the REW assigns them to a different etymon, Lombard *RĪGA; riga means ‘line’, ‘row’, ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘parting’, and rigare ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘rule (lines)’, ‘rifle’, as well as ‘furrow’, besides having the meaning ‘water’ coming from RIGARE. (Sursilvan also has a verb rigar ‘dig ditches’, apparently a 162
163 163 combination of meanings; in this connection I also note that Cat. rasa < RASA means ‘ditch’ or ‘channel’.) It will be seen that the range of meanings of the Italian forms is so close to those found elsewhere that, if the etymon was indeed different, there was at least a common development. In all the areas there has clearly been crossing between the various roots, and this would seem to have taken place independently of the French change from roie to raie, which is relatively recent (I note that Levy, Prov. Suppl. Wört., gives an example of raya in the sense ‘line of mountains’, though I cannot be sure of the date of this). In the case of Cat. ratlla, which is first found as ralla, raia, I suspect that it was, like Sp. raya and Ptg. raia, a loan from Provençal (supposing that Prov. raia at some point became confused with Fr. roie/raie, perhaps starting out as a deverbal from indigenous raiar, which had already developed the senses of ‘scratch’, ‘streak’, like It. razzare), and then the infrequently found segment [aj] was equated with the familiar [aλ] (which often underwent “yeismo” in medieval Catalan, cf. tayar for tallar), and the [λ] was later doubled. One more set of forms which evidently go back to an old masculine are those referrable to late Latin CALAMELLUS, a diminutive of CALAMUS ‘reed’, which is also found in glosses in the forms CALAMAULA, CANNAMALA, and has given the words for various kinds of rustic musical pipes. Here we have It. caramella, ciaramella ‘kind of bagpipe’, OFr. chalemel(l)e, canem(i)elle, chalemie, canemie, ‘reed-pipe’, ‘shawm’, ‘flageolet’, ‘bagpipe’, and similarly Prov. calamella, calamina, now calamello, calamino, also forms beginning with cara-, chala-, chara-, Cat. caramella, xeremia, OAst. chiaramia, Ptg. charamela (transported to Japan as charumera ‘street-vendor’s pipe’), where Spanish has the masc. caramillo ‘flageolet’; the forms with cia-, xe-, ch(i)a- have clearly been taken from Gallo-Romance. Finally we may note that Rum. păduche, corresponding to PEDUCULA ‘lice’, has become the unitary singular
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
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87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
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89 89 péšego), with another varie
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91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
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93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
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95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
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97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
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99 99 native to the area all right,
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101 101 but the fortuitous similari
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103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
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105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
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107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
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109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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