The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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158 Cat. fimbria is apparently a popular outcome of the original Latin form. MALANDRIA ‘malanders’ has given It. malandr(i)a, Fr. malandre, Occ. malandro. Another word which was used as a neuter by Cato is URCEU ‘pitcher’, and here we have OIt. orcia beside the current orcio, OFr. orce, Prov. orsa, Cat. orça, Sp. orza and also old orço (there is also an old orçuela from URCEOLU, to which compare the Rum. neuter urcior, pl. urcioare, OCat. orçor; a similar orzuelo ‘rabbit-trap’, ‘bird-trap’, corresponding to Ptg. ichó (masc. and fem.), comes from *USTIOLU, ‘little door’ and so is parallel to Rum. neuter uşor/uşcior/uscior, It. usciolo, Eng. uschöl, OFr. uisole, Prov. u(i)ssol). Finally I will include here two words which both have masculine and feminine forms in Romance, although it is not clear to me whether the latter go back to a neuter plural; the Latin forms postulated are given as neuters — *CAVANEUM and *CAPACEUM, both for types of ‘basket’. Here we have for the first the It. cavagno and cavagna, the latter used in the north and south, V. Breg. cavagn, cavagna, UEng. chavagn, chavagna, LEng. chavogn, chavogna (the latter denoting a bigger object), Occ. cavan/cavanh and cavagno, and a Ptg. cabano (also cavanejo) quoted by Michaelis; the second gives LEng. champatsch, Prov. cabas, cabassa, said to be the source of the similar north Italian forms and the cabas, cabasse found in northern French, Cat. cabàs, cabassa (larger) and Ptg. cabaz, while Spanish has capazo, capaza (perhaps with p from CAPPA) and also capacho (found in Portuguese as well), capacha, evidently of Mozarabic origin. d) A certain number of words of this type are of Greek origin, some of them coming via a popular route, others not. Firstly, from SCHIDIA ‘splinter’ come Rum. ştează ‘little sticks with which to keep the meshes of a net apart’, It. scheggia ‘splinter’ and Friul. scleze (have these come from *SCHLIDIA ?); then there is Fr. esquille ‘a bone splinter’, a learned borrowing which then passed into Occitanian as esquirla, esquiho, and from this have come Sp. esquirla, Ptg. 158
159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. From STADIA ‘furlongs’ have come It. staggia ‘measuring rod’ (this word has fallen in with staggio ‘prop’, from the same Germanic root as Engl. stay), Imola, Trento stadza, Mil. stasgia, Ven. staza, Friul. staze, Surs. stagia ‘boundary-stake’, UEng. stedgia, LEng. staja ‘pole’, Lyon. estase ‘upper crossbar of a loom’. From EXARTIA ‘rigging’ come It. sartie ‘shrouds’, ‘rigging’, OFr. sarties, essarcie, sarchie, sarce from Prov. sartia, sarsia (now sarti, masc. and fem.), OCat. exartsia, Cat. (e)xarcia, xarxa, Sp. jarcia, Ptg. enxárcia. Another Greek nautical word is pódia (pódeia), used for pódes ‘lower corners of the sails’, ‘clews’, which has given It. poggia, SIt. poja ‘dipping-line (for tacking)’, ‘leeward side’ (and cf. orzapoza ‘tackle amidships’), OFr. po(u)ge ‘starboard’ (< It.), Occ. poujo, poucho ‘ditto’, puecho ‘stay’, Cat. puja, Sp. poja, puja (from Italian and Catalan), Ptg. poja ‘clew’. (The other nautical words for the ‘windward side’, It. orza, orcia, OFr. orce, Occ. orso, Cat. orsa, orça, Sp. orza, Ptg. orça, have been said to be from the Greek masc. orthias ‘lower part of a mast’, though Corominas gives the source as the verb *ORTIARE ‘raise’.) BlBLIA ‘books’ has given Rum. Biblie, It. Bibbia, Surs., LEng. Bibla, UEng. Bibgia, Fr. Bible, Prov. Bibla, Cat. Bíblia, Sp. Biblia, Ptg. Bíblia ‘Bible’, and SANDALIA ‘sandals’ Surs. sandala, Fr. sandale, Prov. sandala, Cat. sandália, Sp. sandalia, Ptg. sandália ‘sandal’. e) From DAMNA ‘losses’ we have Rum. daună, OFr. damme ‘damage’. From SERA ‘wheys’, with an obscure consonantal change, Rumanian has the fem. zară “buttermilk”, beside zer (pl. zeruri) ‘whey’ from the sing. SERUM. FERETRA ‘biers’ has given OIt. (Turin) fertra, OFr. fertre. As we saw in §10d, late *FEMITA/*FEMINA ‘dung’ is the source of Fr. fiente, Prov. fenta/fenda, Cat. fempta/fenta/femna and Sp. hienda (there are also masculine forms as Fr. fient, Sp. hiendo, Gal. fento, as well as forms from the sing., OFr. fiens, Prov., Cat. fems, Sp. fiemo, from late FEMUS). TARMITA/*TARMINA ‘woodworms’ has given
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
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87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
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89 89 péšego), with another varie
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91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
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93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
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95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
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97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
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99 99 native to the area all right,
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101 101 but the fortuitous similari
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103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
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105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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