The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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80 ‘orange’, Surs. parmuglia (per-) ‘sloe’, Eng. parmuoglia ‘juniper berry’, Eng. vaixla ‘sour cherry’, together with Surs. castogna, Eng. chastagna ‘chestnut’. On the other hand we find some masculine fruits which seem to have no collective forms: Surs., Eng. persic ‘peach’, Surs. cudugn ‘quince’ (cf. masc. Pied. codogn/cugn). In this connection we may note that Sursilvan has mandel for ‘almond’ and mandla for ‘tonsil’, while Engadinian has mandla for both meanings, and Sursilvan has apricosa ‘apricot’ corresponding to Eng. abricos/albicoc. Note also Eng. nuschè ‘pine-seed’ with the corresponding nuschella used for ‘ankle’, where the cognate It. nocella means ‘walnut’ or ‘lower head of the ulna’. By a contrary development we find that Eng. ü(j)a ‘grapes’ (Surs. iua ‘grape’ or ‘grapes’) from the Latin singular form UVA (cf. Italian above) has developed a new form üj for a single ‘grape’. I have been able to turn up very little information about the situation in Friulian; pome means collective ‘fruit’, and mel, per, more seem to correspond to Surs. meil, pér, mura, while the REW also gives as Friulian forms bruñul, brómbula and cjástina, ulive. In general it seems clear that in this dialect the old neuter plurals have simply become unitary singulars. f) French generally follows the Italian pattern as far as the names of the fruits are concerned, while using -ARIU to form the names of the trees. However, the use of the neuter/masculine has survived in some cases. The first of these concerns POMU, which gives OFr. pom ‘pommel’ like the It. pomo (modern French uses pommeau), while the plural POMA has given pomme ‘apple’ and other derived senses, see Provençal below; we shall find that this survival of the old singular in a transferred sense is typical of W. Romance. MELU/MELA as such left no reflex in French (the Middle French mel(l)e is from Provençal); however, we do find the older migraine ‘pomegranate’, which seems to be from *MELU GRANA contaminated by MILLE. Most other fruits show the -A form: poire, prune, mûre (OFr. meure), pêche, cerise, sorbe (with the synonymous 80
81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)/cornouille, OFr. macienne (in the phrase “pommes maciennes et aigres”; cf. Spanish below), nèfle (earlier mes(p)le, nesple etc.), fraise (earlier fraie) ‘strawberry’, jujube (evidently an Occitan form, which has also penetrated elsewhere), with other similar formations like amarelle (Lorr. amerelle) ‘morello cherry’, griotte and merise ‘sour cherry’, guigne ‘wild sweet cherry’ (corresponding to Rum. vişină), with older forms guisne, guine (whence Engl. gean [gi:n]; cf. the liqueur guignolet from Angev. guindole), beloce ‘bullace’, alise ‘wild sorb’, grenade, earlier pome grenate, ‘pomegranate’, framboise ‘raspberry’ and groseille ‘gooseberry’, ‘currant’ (both from Germanic), orange (earlier pume orenge, pomme d’orenge), lim(ett)e, noisette ‘hazel’, prunelle ‘sloe’, flanked by a masc. pruneau ‘prune’, and OFr. damoisine (dem-, davoisne) ‘damson’, with the modern Forez. daveñ, Sav. aməzna (REW). Old Latin feminines fitting into this scheme, as in Italian, are amande, aveline (earlier -aine), châtaigne and olive. For ‘quince’ there is only the masc. coing (cf. It. pomo cotogno), though there is a feminine derivative cognasse for the ‘wild quince’, from which the name of the tree is taken. (The mascs. abricot, ultimately from Spanish, and damas, for prune de Damas, are outside our framework.) For ‘grapes’, we similarly find a masculine word, raisin, from *RACIMU for RACEMU ‘bunch of grapes’, with Provençal and Catalan following suit and using razin/-im, raïm (Sp., Ptg. racimo still mean ‘bunch’, like NIt. ražimu (standard racimolo), Val Gard. ražim.) There is also one more masculine word, of disputed origin, which deserves our attention. This is OFr. permain/parmain, which has given Engl. pearmain; this latter was originally the name of the ‘warden pear’, but is now the name of a kind of apple, and has been taken back into French as the fem. permaine. The generally accepted etymology is that suggested by Förster in ZRPh. XXIII, 423 (1899), namely that it derives from a (highly) suppositious *PARMANUS for PARMENSIS. As there is no other evidence for such an adjective (Italian uses parmigiano), and as there is widespread evidence of the continuance in Romance of PIRU (cf.
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
Page 29 and 30: 29 29 singular in early times), SPI
Page 31 and 32: 31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
Page 33 and 34: 33 33 plural (evidence of the early
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 singulars are felt to be the
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 language, producing a situati
Page 43 and 44: 43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
Page 45 and 46: 45 45 separated from braç, as are
Page 47 and 48: 47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
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131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
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133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
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135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
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137 137 the widespread forms corres
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139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
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141 141 languages the first consona
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143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
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145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
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147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
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149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
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153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
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157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
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159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
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173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176:
175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178:
177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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