The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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68 examples in Monaci show it used in north Italy mostly as a feminine, but he also gives OLomb. omia gran, OEmil. unna mese and OTusc. ungna debito. (From ogna was created a northern masc. ogno beside the standard ogne/ogni, which developed from OMNE in prevocalic position alongside preconsonantal onne/onni.) The same usage extends to neighbouring Friulian, where we find the masc. pluj ch’ogno altri inamorat in a dialect which has -o < -A (text No. 70 in Sampson’s anthology). The other area where OMNIA is found is Sardinia. Here Wagner (Fless., §42) says that the old forms omnia, onnia must have come from Italian, as they preserve -ni-; this may be true of the modern doña (and doñi), but he neglects the fact that -ni- regularly appears in the early stages of Sardinian, e.g. vinia < VINEA, ponio < *PONIO, and in fact the expected corresponding modern form Log. dondza is found, together with a spelling ongia which may illustrate a later intermediate development of -ni-. The word is used as masculine or feminine — onnia (also omni) sinnu, omnia lunis, omnia opus, de d’onia frate meu, cun onnia pertinenthia issoro — and often as a pronoun in a context such as cun (de d’) omnia kantu vi aveat. (We may also note here the forms going back to *OMNI-UMQUAM, so It. ognunche/-que/-ca(na), OLomb. omiunqua/-ca, OUmbr. kignunca, OMil., Pied. minca, Surs. mintga, mintgin, Eng. mincha, minchün.) Apparently parallel to OMNIA is *NULLIA ‘no(ne)’, although Rohlfs prefers to see prevocalic masc. pl. NULLI as the starting point for the palatalized stem as seen in OVen. nujo, nui, cf. OMNE > ogni; however, his theory does not take into account the fact that this stem is found also in areas where the final -I disappeared, giving Prov. nulha, OCat. nulla, OSp. nulla, OPtg. nulha, with corresponding mascs. nulh(s), nul(l), nul(lo), nulho (unless we are to take as the starting point a possible Prov. nulh < NULLI as ilh < ILLI and suppose that the other languages borrowed from Provençal). There are also unpalatalized forms, 68
69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls, nula, OIt. nullo, nulla, Sard. (Log.) nuddu, nudda. Sard. (Log. and Camp.) nudda and modern It. nulla are also used as pronouns to mean ‘nothing’, but may not have come from the neuter plural but rather from the sing. NULLA RES, and so do not concern us here. But there are other pronominal forms coming from *NULLIA, which may originally be a neuter plural: NWTusc. nugghia, ONIt. nuia, Posch. nüglia, Friul. nuglie > nuie, Dolom. nuia, Tyrol. nia, LEng. nöglia, Vegl. nol’a (Rohlfs. §499, Bour., §§225c, 527d, Laus., §185). In Rhaeto-Romance there is another usage of obscure origin which may come from the neuter plural, and that is the use of the invariable TOTA ‘all’ before a pronoun (besides forms showing concord) and in certain fixed expressions, so Surs. tutta quei, tuttacass (en tutta cass), tuttafatg (but this may be as Fr. tout à fait), Eng. tuotta quai, tuotaziò, tuotta queaus, tuotta lur cussaigls, tuottadi, tuottaffat, Central totta quegl, de totta quests. (Could this also be the origin of the OIt. tutta (tutt’a) tre, where Rohlfs explains the a as going back to AC ?) 9. Words denoting objects in the plant world. a) For our next group of words let us turn to the plant world. Trees have branches, leaves, wood and fruit, all of which can be looked at collectively (cf. the English words wood and fruit), and in this case we find that Latin either had inherited neuter plurals, or had developed them in the course of time. However, these have only rarely been preserved as plural forms in Romance, being generally converted to singular collectives, or even to words denoting individual objects. The Latin words for the four categories are RAMA (a late form; note also the Lombard Latin RAMORA), FOLIA and sometimes FRONDIA (found in a gloss; this may be from the adjectival FRONDEA, attested in substantival use), LIGNA (followed locally by forms corresponding to *FUSTA for FUSTES) and FRUCTA (not attested before French charters). In the first
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
Page 17 and 18: une formation hybride à cheval sur
Page 19 and 20: 19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
Page 21 and 22: 21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
Page 23 and 24: 23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
Page 25 and 26: 25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
Page 27 and 28: 27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
Page 29 and 30: 29 29 singular in early times), SPI
Page 31 and 32: 31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
Page 33 and 34: 33 33 plural (evidence of the early
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 singulars are felt to be the
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 language, producing a situati
Page 43 and 44: 43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
Page 45 and 46: 45 45 separated from braç, as are
Page 47 and 48: 47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
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119 119 down by purely popular tran
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121 121 examples I have given above
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123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
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125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
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127 127 with the same meaning. This
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129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
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131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
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133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
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135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
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137 137 the widespread forms corres
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139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
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141 141 languages the first consona
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143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
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145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
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147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
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149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
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153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
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157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
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159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174:
173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176:
175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178:
177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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