The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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126 (Trent.) coraia, ‘entrails’, Surs. coraglia, Eng. curaglia, OFr. coraille, Prov coralha. An example of a word that has come down by semi-popular transmission is VICTUALIA (also late Latin VICTUALIAE) ‘victuals’: It. vettovaglia, old vittuaglia, vettu(v)aglia, Surs. victualias, Eng. victuaglia, OFr. vitaille, now victuailles, Prov. vit(o)alha, OCat. vitalla, now vitualles, Sp. vituallas, Ptg. vitualhas, OLog. vituagia, now ittuadza, with Log., Camp. vittuaglia from Italian (the word is now generally pluralized, but traces of the collective singular still remain). Similarly VOLATILIA ‘birds’ has given Judaeo-It. volatilio, Fr. volaille, old voleille, volile, volatille, voletille, Prov. volatilha, Cat. volatilia, Judaeo-Sp. volatilla, voladilla, with Gl. Sil. volatilias (cf. also Eng. volaglia). Other words with local diffusion are: from *MIC(C)ALIA ‘crumbs’, ‘scraps’, Occ. micaio, Sp. migaja, Ptg. migalha; from *VARALIA (so DCELC) Prov. baralha ‘scuffle’, Cat., Arag. baralla, Sp. baraja, Ptg. baralha; from VITALIA ‘vital parts of the head’, OFr. viailles ‘temples’, Prov. vialhas (now vialho ‘cheek’), Ast. bidaya; from *FUNERALIA ‘funeral’, Fr. funerailles, Prov. funeralhas, OSp. funeralias; from *ANTIQUALIA, It. anticaglia ‘antique’, Sp. antigualla, Ptg. antig(u)alha; we have already looked at the reflexes of INTRALIA (§6h) and *GRANALIA (§9v). A political term that found wide currency in the Middle Ages and has continued in use is *REPREHENSALIA, from which come OIt. ripresaglia, now rappresaglia ‘reprisal’, Rh. represalias, Fr. représaille, old reprisaille, Prov. represalha, OCat. represalla, now represalia, Sp. represalia, Ptg. represália. f) Examples of group-words formed in this way are OIt. pedonaglia ‘foot-soldiers’, OFr. peonaille, Prov. pezonalha, Cat. peonalla; It. poveraglia ‘poor people’, Ven. poeragia, OFr. povraille, Occ. pauralho (and paurilho), Cat. pobralla, Log. poberadza, Camp. poberitalla; It. gentaglia ‘rabble’, Cat. gentalla, Sp. gent(u)alla, Ptg. gentalha, Camp. gentalla; It. frataglia ‘crowd of monks’, Prov. frairalha, Ptg. fradalhada, cf. Fr. frocaille, Log. padradza (from Sp. padre) 126
127 127 with the same meaning. This way of forming nouns indicating groups of persons or things, often with a pejorative meaning, is common in Italian and Sardinian, and Rhaeto-Romance also has its share, thus Surs. utschleglia, Eng. utschellaglia (birds, cf. It. uccellaia), Surs. vermaneglia, Eng. vermiglia (vermin, cf. It. verminaia; formerly with plural concord, see §6b), Surs., Eng. plebaglia, also Eng. racaglia (‘rabble’, cf. It. plebaglia), Surs. pastreglia, Eng. pastriglia (shepherds, cf. Camp. pastoralla), Surs. mattatschaglia, Eng. mattanaglia, mattaniglia (boys, cf. It. ragazzaglia, Log. pittsinadza, Camp. pittšokkalla), Surs. laudavaglias, Eng. lodavaglias (‘fulsome praise’), Surs. ferdaglia, Eng. fradaglia (‘intense cold’), Eng. frus-chaglia (‘dry twigs’, cf. Fr. broussailles, Camp. fustigalla); one interesting development has likewise affected both Italian and Rhaeto-Romance, and that is the treatment of It. famiglia ‘family’, Surs. fumeglia, Eng. famaglia (fameglia) as collectives, and the creation from them of famiglio, fumegl and famagl respectively for a ‘servant’. One more example of a formation from a local area is the Cat. serralla, Sp. cerraja, Ptg. serralha ‘sow-thistle’ from Spanish Latin SERRALIA, which I take to be a plural form. Then there are the reflexes of a word referred to a different kind of etymon ending in -ACULA, namely TENACULA ‘holding instruments’, but which behave, notably the Sardinian forms, as if they come from *TENALIA (cf. *SONALIA above): these are It. tanaglia (tenaglia) ‘pincers’, Tyrol. tanaia, Friul. tana(i)e, Fr. tenailles, Prov. tenalhas, Cat. estenalles, Sp. (an-/en-)tenalla, Log. tenadzas, Camp, tenallas (cf. Log. tenayu ‘petiole’, from TENACULU, HWS, §30). Another form in -CULA is *CERNICULA ‘partings in the hair’, which has given LEng. tschernaglia/tscharnaglia ‘lock’, ‘tress’, Sp. cerneja ‘fetlock’, Ptg. cernelha ‘withers’, the connection seemingly being in the meaning of ‘tufts of hair’, cf. It. cernecchio ‘lock of ruffled hair’, Friul. cernè$li (M.-L., Schicks.); the Latin word also survives in Sard. (Cent.) kerrikru, (Log.) kerrigu, (Camp.) tšerrigu ‘sieve’. Other groups of words of similar formation but uncertain origin are Fr. limaille, Occ. limalho, Cat. llimalla, Sp. limalla, Ptg. limalha
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77 and 78: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
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177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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