The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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130 dolcia ‘pig’s blood’, and may underlie the feminine forms of the adjective found elsewhere, e.g. Surs. dultscha, Eng. dutscha, Fr. douce, Prov. doussa, Cat. dolça, which appear from earliest times. There may also be certain traces of -ACIA plural forms from adjectives in -AX, perhaps crossed with -ACEA forms from those in -ACEUS, in such words as Sp. tenazas, OPtg. tenaças ‘pincers’, Sp. capaza, capacha ‘frail’, together with mordaza ‘gag’, which is flanked by Ptg. mordaça, Surs. murdetscha, Prov., Cat. mordassa, Fr. mordache (evidently a northern form) and It. mordacchia, which seems to represent MORDACEA × TENACULA. (For other -ACEA forms see 13c.) An -ICIA form is seen in the words for ‘sausage’, which are taken from FARTA SALSICIA ‘salted sausages’; here we have It. salsiccia, also salciccia, influenced by ciccia, the child’s word for ‘meat’, Fr. saucisse, Prov. salsissa, saucissa, OCat. salciça, OSp. salciça, salciza, Sard. salsitsa, the modern Cat. salsitxa having been taken, like the Sp., Ptg. salchicha, from Italian. BONA can be seen in Rum. bunuri, Prov. bona, OSp. buena and OPtg. boas ‘goods’, ‘property’ (the Surs. buna ‘kiss’, Eng. buna ‘joke’ seem to be substantivized feminines); NOVA in It. nuova or pl. nuove ‘news’, Surs. nova(s), Cat. noves, Sp. nuevas, Ptg. novas, with echoes in OIt. novella, Fr. nouvelles. From PLANA (which might, however, be a feminine singular, for TERRA PLANA, though against this we have the Lombard Latin pl. planora) come It. piana ‘plain’, (Surs. plauna means ‘chasuble’), Fr. plaine, Prov., Cat. plana, Sp. llana, Ptg. chã (the words meaning a ‘plane’ or similar tool are deverbals). From *PLATTA we have SIt. pl. piattərə ‘plates’, ‘dishes’, and otherwise the singulars It. piatta ‘pontoon’, earlier ‘punt’, Rh. platta ‘plate’, Fr. platte ‘punt’, earlier ‘thin sheet of metal’, Prov. plata ‘metal plate’, ‘silver’, Cat. plata ‘dish’, ‘silver’, Sp. chata ‘lighter’ (evidently a western form), plata ‘silver’ (from Prov.), Ptg. chata ‘lighter’, prata ‘silver’ (from Prov.; the Sard. pratta is from Spanish). Another form widely represented is FESTA (already a feminine sing. in late Latin): It. festa ‘festival’, Friul. fieste, Surs. fiasta, Eng. festa, OFr. feste, now fête, Prov., Cat. festa, Sp. fiesta, Ptg. festa, Sard. festa, 130
131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. festă ‘trick’ is a borrowing). Another word which may have started as a neuter plural but appears as a feminine singular for ‘anguish’ in Dracontius in the 5th century is ANXIA; here the reflexes are not all popular — It., Cat., Sp. ansia, Ptg. ânsia, OFr. ainse, Prov. aisa (Log. ans(i)a is from Italian). Another adjective from late Latin is *GRASSIA, perhaps formed from the neuter of the comparative, CRASSIUS (cf. Laus., §682); here we have It. grascia ‘victuals’ as a plural, otherwise the singulars Surs., Eng. grascha ‘manure’ (‘fat’ in OEng.), Fr. graisse ‘fat’, ‘grease’, Prov. graissa, OCat. greixa, Sp. grasa (from *GRASSA), Ptg. gra(i)xa ‘ditto’ (the DES gives Sard. rassa ‘fattening’ as a deverbal). b) In other cases it is not so clear whether the original form is a neuter plural or a feminine singular. This is the case with the late Latin forms *CAMPANEA and *MONTANEA for ‘flat country’ and ‘mountainous country’ possibly understood with TERRA ; here we have Rum. câmpie, It. campagna, montagna, Friul. cjampagne, montagne, Surs. campagna, muntogna, Eng. champagna (LEng. champogna), muntagna, Fr. champagne, montagne, Prov. campagna, montagna, Cat. campanya, montanya, Sp. campaña, montaña, Ptg. campanha, montanha, Camp. Muntandža. Even more difficult is -ARIA, which we have already met in the case of tree names. Here we have forms like CALDARIA, OVARIA, LUMINARIA, *CARRARIA, BRACHIARIA, RIPARIA; also PANARIA, which I overlooked at this stage of writing and have dealt with later in 15d. Of these, CALDARIA, *CARRARIA, BRACHIARIA and RIPARIA are almost certainly feminines. From OVARIA we have a Rum. pl. oare ‘poultry’, showing that this is indeed an old neuter, but the feminine forms found elsewhere for ‘ovary’ seem to be unconnected with this. LUMINARIA is the plural of LUMINARE used substantivally to mean a ‘window’, as in Sp. lumbrera, Ptg. lumeeira/lumieira ‘skylight’, lumeira ‘transom’; these words also have meanings connected with the emitting of light, as do the cognate Rum.
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 79 and 80: 79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 161 and 162: 161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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