The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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160 words for this insect or for the clothes-moth, in some cases with change or loss of the initial consonant; It. tarma, OVen. tarmena, V. Anz. tarla, Friul. tarme, UEng. tarma, tarna, MFr. art(r)e, arde, tarle, Prov. tarma, tarna, tarla, (d)arta, arda, (d)arna, arnha, now (d)arno, argno, arto, ardo, Gasc. arlo, Cat. arna. From *LIMITA ‘boundaries’, which became neuter by crossing with LIMINA ‘thresholds’ (from which ONorm. Fr. fem. lime ‘threshold’), we get V. Sass. limeda ‘edge of a field’, V. Canobb. lünda ‘hedge on ditto’, Friul. linde ‘eaves’, Fr.-Prov. linda ‘strip of land’, Occ. linto ‘wale of a ship’, OCat. llinda ‘boundary’, Ast., Ptg. linda ‘ditto’ (also linde, lindo, where Cast. has only linde). Late LENDINA/*LENDITA was discussed at the end of §6, and TERMINA/*TERMITA and *GURGITA in §10c. f) In this category we also have an interesting example of a classical masculine noun which developed neuter forms later. This is RADII ‘spokes’, ‘rays’, ‘radii’, for which late RADIA is also attested in glosses (cf. also the two forms RADIOLUS/RADIOLUM). Here the modern forms are Rum. rază ‘ray’, ‘spoke’, ‘radius’, It. razza, NIt. raža, raza ‘spoke’, OIt. “come [dà] la rag(g)ia albore” (Monaci, No. 81), beside masc. razzo ‘spoke’ (and earlier ‘ray’), raggio (and old raio) ‘ray’, ‘spoke’, ‘radius’, then Friul. raze ‘hand of a clock’, ‘dial’, beside masc. rai ‘ray’, OFr. raie ‘rays’, beside rai(s) ‘ray’, ‘spoke’, Prov. raia ‘rays’, now raio, rajo, beside rai/ra(i)g/raj ‘ray’, ‘jet’, ‘spoke’, Cat. dial. raia/raya/raja ‘rays’ beside raig/dial. rai ‘ray’, ‘jet’, ‘spoke’, Sp. raza ‘ray’, ‘cleft in a hoof’ beside rayo ‘ray’, ‘spoke’, ‘radius’, Ptg. raça beside raio, as Spanish (for the phonological development of raza, raça compare bazo, baço ‘bay-coloured’ from BADIU); for Sardinian the DES quotes the Italianism radza ‘thorny ivy’ (cf. Cors. razza, Tusc. ragia, Calab. raja) beside Cent. rayu, Log. radzu, Camp, (ar)radžu ‘ray’, ‘spoke’, as well as raya and ral’a from Spanish and Catalan (see below). The related verbs have developed other meanings. 160
161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’, and It. razzare ‘scrape’, ‘scratch’, and, in the passive, ‘be streaked’, as well as ‘shine’, like raggiare, old raiare (Dante); modern Fr. rayer is ‘scratch’, ‘cross out’ (cf. the new verb radier in the same sense), ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘rule (lines on paper)’, ‘rifle (a gun)’; Occ. raia/raja/reia have the same range of meaning as the Fr. rayer, as well as others like ‘radiate’ (modern Fr. rayonner), ‘dart out’, ‘spurt’, ‘flow’; Catalan has ratllar (old and dial. rallar/raiar) ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘rule (lines)’, ‘cross out’, ‘rifle’ beside rajar ‘gush forth’, ‘flow out’, and, in old and dialectal Catalan, ‘radiate’ (there is also another ratllar ‘grate’ from RALLARE); Spanish has rayar as Cat. ratllar beside rajar ‘split’ and razado ‘streaky’, while Portuguese has raiar ‘radiate’, ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘rifle’ and rajar ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘intermix’. Dialectal French rayer and Occ. raja (arraja) also have the meaning ‘spread (hay) to dry in the sun’, like Aran. arraja-s ‘sun oneself’ (and cf. Occ. reia, which can mean ‘feed animals’), and this is also the meaning of Surs. rasar, Eng. raser (these languages only have the mascs. radi, raz for ‘ray’), though it is hard to determine whether these represent RADIARE or rather *RASARE, widely found with the senses of ‘scrape’, ‘graze’, ‘level (off, to the ground)’. Given such widespread occurrence, it seems that the idea of ‘scratch’, ‘streak’ developed early, perhaps through crossing with *RASARE. In Western Romance we also find noun forms with related meanings, thus modern French raie ‘line’, ‘furrow’, ‘stroke’, ‘streak’, ‘stripe’, ‘parting in the hair’, Occ. raio, Gasc. racho, which Mistral primarily glosses as ‘raie’, adding synonyms and other meanings such as ‘train rail’ and ‘line formed by a chain of mountains’, Cat. ratlla (old and dial. ralla, raia) ‘line’, ‘stripe’, ‘streak’, ‘boundary’, Sp. raya ‘ditto’ and ‘parting’, raja ‘split’, Ptg. raia ‘line’, ‘streak’, ‘boundary’, raja ‘stripe’, ‘streak’ (the Catalan ratlla, and the verb ratllar, present phonological difficulties which I will return to in a minute).
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
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27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
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29 29 singular in early times), SPI
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31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
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33 33 plural (evidence of the early
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35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
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37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
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39 39 singulars are felt to be the
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41 41 language, producing a situati
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43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
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45 45 separated from braç, as are
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47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
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49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
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51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
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53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
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55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
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57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
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59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
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61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
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63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
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65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
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67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
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69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
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71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
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73 73 in the areas which use -i for
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75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
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77 77 turn to the dialects to find
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79 79 matching these also ulivo/uli
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81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
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83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
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85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
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87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
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89 89 péšego), with another varie
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91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
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93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
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95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
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97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
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99 99 native to the area all right,
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101 101 but the fortuitous similari
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103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
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105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
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107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130: 129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132: 131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
Page 133 and 134: 133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136: 135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
Page 137 and 138: 137 137 the widespread forms corres
Page 139 and 140: 139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
Page 141 and 142: 141 141 languages the first consona
Page 143 and 144: 143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
Page 145 and 146: 145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148: 147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
Page 149 and 150: 149 149 are also forms without clas
Page 151 and 152: 151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154: 153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
Page 155 and 156: 155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158: 157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159: 159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
Page 163 and 164: 163 163 combination of meanings; in
Page 165 and 166: 165 165 has at the same time become
Page 167 and 168: 167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
Page 169 and 170: 169 169 feminines; examples are It.
Page 171 and 172: 171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174: 173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176: 175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178: 177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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