The Latin Neuter Plurals in Romance - Page ON

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78 cotogna, corni(ol)o/corni(ol)a, nespolo/nespola ‘medlar’, with other forms following the pattern later, such as nocciolo/nocciola ‘hazel’ (the root word noce ‘walnut’ is masculine when referring to the tree and feminine when referring to the nut, even appearing with an -a in Versil. nocia, Emil. nuža, Ven. nosa; so also the derivative nocella), susino/susina ‘plum’, arancio/arancia (and old narancio/-cia, OVen. naranza) and granato/granata as above, and amareno/(a)marena or amarasco/(a)marasca, Calab. amarella ‘morello cherry’ (from which maraschino is made; cf. Rum. amărea ‘holy thistle’). Another word for the ‘wild sour cherry’ is visciolo/visciola, from what is possibly a Germanic root beginning with w- (cf. Germ. Weichselkirsche), as cognate forms with gu- are found elsewhere; here Rumanian has vişin/vişină ‘wild sweet cherry’ and vişinel/vişinea ‘blackthorn/sloe’. For the ‘damson’ Italian has damas-chino (-ceno)/damas-china (-cena) (also a masc. damasco for the fruit), with various other forms such as (a)moscino, amóscino, abóscino, abósino/amoscina, OMant. avoxina, Mil. brüña masina, Lig. briña damásina; these forms show the fluctuation of accent and loss of initial d- (taken to be d’) which we shall find reappearing elsewhere. Another Latin word belonging to this type is ZIZYPHUS/ZIZYPHUM ‘jujube’, taken from Greek; this has undergone many changes in Romance, and the Italian forms are giuggiolo/giuggiola or zizzolo/zizzola, Veron. zinzola, which find echoes in some of the other languages. Adapted to this type we have albicocco/albicocca ‘apricot’, from the Ptg. albricoque, Sp. albaricoque, for which there is also another name meliaco/meliaca; note also the feminine fruits frag(ol)a ‘strawberry’, (a)griotta ‘sour cherry’, lim(ett)a (lomia, lumia) ‘lime’ (limone ‘lemon’ is masc.). Italian has also created ginepra from ginepro for the ‘juniper berry’, and has the pair (from Latin adjectival forms) leccio/leccia ‘holm-oak/acorn’ (but ONeap. elcina is the name of the tree). Finally we also find formations matching the Rum. alun/alună type, so avellano/avellana, mandorlo/mandorla, castagno (cf. late Latin CASTANEUS)/castagna (NIt., SIt. castegna), and 78
79 79 matching these also ulivo/uliva. There is in addition one unique formation; the Lat. UVA for a single ‘grape’ has become a collective sing. uva ‘grapes’. Note also that in some dialects -ARIUS, -ARIA are used for the tree, as is the case elsewhere. e) When we come to Rhaeto-Romance we shall not be surprised to find that it has preserved an earlier state of affairs as far as the names of certain of the fruits are concerned. Here the names of the trees are formed with the -ARIU suffix, as Surs. pumer, pirer, maler, Eng. pomer, pairer, mailer, and the old neuter singular form, now become a masculine, is retained as the name of the individual fruit, as in Old Italian and certain present-day Italian dialects; the old neuter plural, as we have observed before in Rhaeto-Romance, has become a collective singular referring to the fruit in the mass, while a new masculine plural in -s has been created for reference to a number of individual fruits. So we have Surs. pum/puma, LEng. pom/poma for ‘fruit’ (and ‘knob’, ‘pommel’), while UEng. pom/pomma, in addition to having these meanings, also has the specific meaning of ‘apple(s)’, corresponding to Surs. meil/meila and LEng. mail/maila, and for collective ‘fruit’ this dialect has pomaraida. For other kinds of fruit we have Surs. pér/péra, Eng. pair/paira ‘pear(s)’, Surs. prem/prema ‘plum(s)’, meil-granat, meila granata ‘pomegranate(s)’ (it is not clear whether pum-granat, and Eng. pom-granat (old pom granó, puom granâ), mail granat follow the same pattern). But in other cases, perhaps because the fruit was always thought of in the mass, we find the masculine form has disappeared and the -a form is used for the individual fruit, as elsewhere, so that we have UEng. prünna/brünna ‘plum’, LEng. brümbla ‘plum’, ‘sloe’, Surs. tscherescha, Eng. tschirescha ‘cherry’, Surs. mura, Eng. mu(o)ra (and LEng. amura) ‘blackberry’, Surs. curnella ‘cornel·cherry’ (with curnel for the tree), Surs. nespla ‘medlar’, Eng. freia ‘strawberry’ (cf. Val. Ses. fraiga), and, formed on the same model, Surs. amarella, marena ‘morello cherry’, Surs. pumaranza, Eng. pomaranza
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1 1 The Latin Neuter Plurals in Rom
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individually. 3 3 Such treatments a
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5 5 stages of the language. (Incide
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7 7 preserved in Italian, such as t
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9 9 ‘well’, CAPILLUM ‘hair’
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etween the 2nd and 4th declensions)
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13 13 changing their declension in
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15 15 Another popular development w
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une formation hybride à cheval sur
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19 19 with acc. pl. LUSTROS, in ins
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21 21 OSSUUM/OSSUORUM/OSSORUM/OSSAR
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23 23 inscription (Bourciez, §218c
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25 25 PRAESTIGIUM, INFAMIUM, BLASPH
Page 27 and 28: 27 27 Ling. Lat., but Nyrop quotes
Page 29 and 30: 29 29 singular in early times), SPI
Page 31 and 32: 31 31 substantia consumitur” (Ita
Page 33 and 34: 33 33 plural (evidence of the early
Page 35 and 36: 35 35 in Chir.) as ‘leaves’? Th
Page 37 and 38: 37 37 loanwords and verbal nouns; i
Page 39 and 40: 39 39 singulars are felt to be the
Page 41 and 42: 41 41 language, producing a situati
Page 43 and 44: 43 43 c) Passing now to French, we
Page 45 and 46: 45 45 separated from braç, as are
Page 47 and 48: 47 47 a modern formation). Old Ital
Page 49 and 50: 49 49 ‘powder horns’, ‘corner
Page 51 and 52: 51 51 also represent Latin -NIA (cf
Page 53 and 54: 53 53 ‘heels’ gives the Rumania
Page 55 and 56: 55 55 böila, Eng. böglia, Surs. b
Page 57 and 58: 57 57 de Dial. Esp., p. 346). But b
Page 59 and 60: 59 59 j) Traces of other old neuter
Page 61 and 62: 61 61 uova, with dial. ove or ovi f
Page 63 and 64: 63 63 ‘kneading-trough’, in the
Page 65 and 66: 65 65 8. Numerals and pronominal ad
Page 67 and 68: 67 67 mil and modern mille (masc.).
Page 69 and 70: 69 69 OFr. nu(l)s, nule, Prov. nuls
Page 71 and 72: 71 71 find the meaning ‘leaf’,
Page 73 and 74: 73 73 in the areas which use -i for
Page 75 and 76: 75 75 c) Let us now look at the sit
Page 77: 77 77 turn to the dialects to find
Page 81 and 82: 81 81 corme), corne (OFr. cornelle)
Page 83 and 84: 83 83 beside cuerno/corgno, prunell
Page 85 and 86: 85 85 cerezal ‘cherry orchard’,
Page 87 and 88: 87 87 ‘holm-oak’ tree, but Arag
Page 89 and 90: 89 89 péšego), with another varie
Page 91 and 92: 91 91 the Piedmontese form la figa
Page 93 and 94: 93 93 assisted by the feminine noun
Page 95 and 96: 95 95 (oak), roveto (bramble), vign
Page 97 and 98: 97 97 r) The position in Catalan is
Page 99 and 100: 99 99 native to the area all right,
Page 101 and 102: 101 101 but the fortuitous similari
Page 103 and 104: 103 103 trufa from French, Ptg. tub
Page 105 and 106: 105 105 Italian plurals in -ora and
Page 107 and 108: 107 107 account for Prov. nos (besi
Page 109 and 110: 109 109 Italian as the Latinism fri
Page 111 and 112: 111 111 Sard. pettorale. PIGNORA is
Page 113 and 114: 113 113 FUNDUS, ARCUS, COLFUS, NODU
Page 115 and 116: 115 115 from a late Greek form kól
Page 117 and 118: 117 117 like cambiora, digiunora, f
Page 119 and 120: 119 119 down by purely popular tran
Page 121 and 122: 121 121 examples I have given above
Page 123 and 124: 123 123 note that -egl- > -agl- is
Page 125 and 126: 125 125 dictionary ascribes the Ita
Page 127 and 128: 127 127 with the same meaning. This
Page 129 and 130:
129 129 ‘brotherhood’, and the
Page 131 and 132:
131 131 Vegl. fyasta (the Rum. fest
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133 133 ‘salary’, and in these
Page 135 and 136:
135 135 legenda, Fr. (learned) lég
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137 137 the widespread forms corres
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139 139 morceau, Engl. bit), It. bo
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141 141 languages the first consona
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143 143 spread to the Iberian Penin
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145 145 Rhaeto-Romance. From VINCUL
Page 147 and 148:
147 147 VISCUM ‘mistletoe’. Fro
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149 149 are also forms without clas
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151 151 also lists Rum. par as “n
Page 153 and 154:
153 153 of ACUS ‘needles’, wher
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155 155 become a singular meaning
Page 157 and 158:
157 157 From LINTEA ‘linen cloths
Page 159 and 160:
159 159 esquírola ‘ditto’. Fro
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161 161 Rum. răza is ‘scrape’,
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163 163 combination of meanings; in
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165 165 has at the same time become
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167 167 üj ‘grape’. Similarly
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169 169 feminines; examples are It.
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171 171 feminine noun which has nei
Page 173 and 174:
173 173 Cat. bolla ‘seal on cloth
Page 175 and 176:
175 175 Lat. VENA. Spanish seems to
Page 177 and 178:
177 177 Heidelberg, 1920; Romanisch
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