The genus Cinnamomum

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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 93 with regard to the sequence: – cinnamic acid → cinnamyl alcohol → allyl derivative. The favoured pathway for eugenol biosynthesis is accepted to be: L-phenylalanine → cinnamic acid → P-coumaric acid → caffeic acid → ferulic acid → eugenol. Manitto et al. also found that L-tyrosine was not incorporated into eugenol. Thus it is in agreement with the lack of L-tyrosine ammonia-lyase in dicolyledonous plants (Young et al., 1966). Cinnamic aldehyde biosynthesis 3 3 Phenylalanine OCH 3 1 – 2 CO 3 1 2 2 CO2H + NH3 2 * PAL * –C – 1 +C 1 OCH 3 Eugenol Ferulic acid Figure 3.3 Formation of eugenol from phenylalanine. CO 2 H In cinnamon, cinnamic aldehyde was formed from phenylalanine without randomisation of the 14C label. The same degree of labelling was observed when PA1, PA2 and PA3 were separately used as a precursor (Senanayake et al., 1977; Angmor et al., 1979). Such a uniform labelling would not be observed if randomisation of the label occurred. The experimental evidence suggests that the C6-C3 skeleton of PA was retained as one unit in the biosynthesis of cinnamic aldehyde from PA. This is in agreement with the suggestion of Birch (1963) that cinnamic aldehyde can be formed from PA via cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde, which can be further reduced to cinnamyl alcohol that then goes for lignin biosynthesis (Neish, 1968). The retention of the C6-C3 skeleton in the biosynthesis of propenylphenols, such as anethole (P-methoxy propenyl benzene), from PA has been observed by other workers. Kaneko (1960, 1961) and Manitto et al. (1974) observed that anethole was formed in Foeniculum vulgare and Pimpinella anisum (Umbelliferae) from PA without label randomisation, suggesting that the C6-C3 skeleton was retained as one unit. Thus the experimental evidence indicates that in the cinnamon plant cinnamic aldehyde is formed from pheylalanine via the shikimic acid pathway (Fig. 3. 4). HO H H Cinnamic acid H H
94 U.M. Senanayake and R.O.B. Wijesekera CH 3 O HO HO Phenylalanine Cinnamic acid Anethole Chavicol CH3O Eugenol CH2 CH COOH CH CH 2 NH 2 CH CH CH CH COOH CH 3 CH 2 CH2 CH CH2 HO CH CH CH2OH HO CH 3 O CH 3 O Coniferyl alcohol B A CH 3 O HO CH Cinnamic aldehyde CH Cinnamyl alcohol Estragole HO CH 2 Ferulic acid Caffeic acid CH – CHO CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 2 OH CH 2 COOH COOH Figure 3.4 Pathways for the formation of (A) eugenol from ferullic acid and (B) eugenol and related compounds from cinnamic acid. Eugenol biosynthesis To investigate the mechanism of the transformation of the side-chain of L-phenylalanine into the allyl group of eugenol, DL-phenylalanines, each carrying a 14C label at one of the three positions in the side-chain, were administered to cinnamon cuttings. PA2 and PA3 but not PA1 were effective precursors of eugenol biosynthesis (Senanayake et al., 1977).
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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Page 60 and 61: 1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63: (a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65: 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 66 and 67: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 78 and 79: viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 82 and 83: Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 116 and 117: -Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
Page 118 and 119: 1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
Page 120 and 121: 1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
Page 124 and 125: opportunities lies in the new centu
Page 126 and 127: R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
Page 132 and 133: p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
Page 134 and 135: (E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
Page 136 and 137: Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
Page 138 and 139: 4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
Page 140 and 141: Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
Page 142 and 143: the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149: HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151: (a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153: Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155: cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157: KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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