The genus Cinnamomum

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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic acid Trace Isocaryophyllene Trace -Muurolene Trace Aromadendrene Trace Anisaldehyde Trace -Cadinol Trace Guaiacol Trace ar-Curumene Trace (E)--farnesene Trace Safrole Trace Acetic acid Trace Vanillin Trace Chavicol Trace 10-epi--Cadinol Trace Methyl cinnamate Trace Calamenene Trace Benzyl alcohol Trace trans-Linalool oxide (5) (furanoid) Trace cis-Linalool oxide (5) (furanoid) Trace ,p-Dimethylstyrene Trace Ethyl cinnamate Trace 2-Phenylethanol Trace Salicylaldehyde Trace Acetophenone Trace Carvotanacetone Trace Palustrol Trace -Elemene Trace Styrene Trace Menthene Trace Butyl 2-methylbutyrate Trace (Z)-isoeugeonl Trace -Himachalene Trace 3-Phenylpropyl acetate Trace Isoamyl benzoate Trace 2-Phenylethyl formate Trace 2-Vinylbenzaldehyde Trace 4-Vinylbenzaldehyde Trace p-Tolylacetaldehyde Trace (E)-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde Trace Dimethoxycinnamaldehyde Trace Dimethoxy allyl phenol Trace 3-Phenylpropanoic acid Trace o-Methoxycinnamic alcohol Trace (E)-cinnamic acid 84.4 Total 100.0 Total Source: Vernin et al., 1990. Chinese Cassia 173 Some information is available on the leaf oil composition of C. loureirii, mostly from trees grown in Japan. Steam distilled leaves and twigs yielded 0.2% light brown oil, containing 40% linalool, 27% aldehyde (mainly citral) and cineole (Nitta, 1984). Steam distilled bark yielded 1.2% light brown oil. This oil contained mainly cinnamladehyde (80%), camphene, linalool and cineole as minor components (Asakawa, 1971; Weiss, 1997).
174 Nguyen Kim Dao Table 6.7 Composition of cassia bark oil % Compound 92.5 (E)-cinnamic aldehyde 0.8 3-Phenylpropanal 0.6 (Z)-cinnamic aldehyde 0.6 Coumarin 0.3 Benzaldehyde 0.1 Eugenol 0.1 -Caryophyllene 0.1 Benzyl benzoate 0.1 Camphor 0.1 1,8-Cineole 0.1 Linalool 0.1 -Phellandrene 0.1 Salicylaldehyde 0.1 -Terpineole 96.6 Total Source: Vernin et al., 1994. Table 6.8 Chemical constituents of cassia bark recorded in the head space analysis using GC/MS -Pinene (0.10%) Borneol -terpineol (3.80%) Limonene (0.28%) Hydrocinnamaldehyde (0.69%) p-Cymene (0.82%) 2-Phenethyl acetate (0.96%) -Copaene (0.67%) (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (0.21%) Benzaldehyde (23.80%) 2-Phenethyl alcohol (0.24%) Linalool (0.05%) 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde (0.82%) Bornyl acetate (0.62%) (E)-cinnamaldehyde (39.50%) Linalyl acetate (0.44%) (E)-cinnamyl acetate (0.24%) Salicylaldehyde (1.27%) Source: Vernin et al., 1994. Properties and Biological Effects of Cassia Bark (Cortex cinnamomi – Rou gui) C. cassia bark, is often referred to as Cortex cinnamomi and known as Rou gui in Chinese traditional medicine. The dried twig of C. cassia, known as Ramulus cinnamomi (Guo zhi in Chinese), is another drug used in Chinese traditional medicine. These two drugs are used differently and for different purposes. Rou gui mixed with Fuzi (Radix aconiti lateralis preparata) produced a significant hypotensive effect in rats with adrenocortical hypertension due to the burning of one of the adrenal glands. However, the mixture had no effect on renal hypertensive rats. In rats with adrenocortical hypertension, the mixture affected the adrenal cholesterol metabolism, thereby intensifying the activity of the cauterised adrenal gland but not the intact one. It appears that the hypotensive action is due to the promotion and normalisation of the activity of the depressed adrenal gland (Wang, 1983). The decoction of the stem bark significantly increased coronary flow in the isolated heart of guinea pigs. A daily oral dose of 1.2 g/kg of decoction for six days improved the acute myocardial ischemia in rabbits due to putuitrin. Intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of the
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Page 142 and 143: the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149: HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151: (a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153: Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155: cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157: KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
Page 158 and 159: the oleoresin is stored in suitable
Page 160 and 161: Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
Page 162 and 163: Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
Page 164 and 165: Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
Page 166 and 167: Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169: Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171: Special protection information Resp
Page 172 and 173: Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
Page 174 and 175: Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177: Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179: Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181: make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183: Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185: Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187: Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189: Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
Page 192 and 193: Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195: Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197: Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199: Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201: Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
Page 202 and 203: 7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205: propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209: Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
Page 210 and 211: the branch. The mycelium layer pene
Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215: Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221: Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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