The genus Cinnamomum

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Japan Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon and Cassia 295 Table 12.10 Mexico’s imports of ground cassia and cinnamon – country-wise sources Country of 1995 1996 1997 1998 origin Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Cinnamon, whole Sri Lanka 4390 17,902 5128 20,442 5052 25,522 4577 28,552 US 33 201 170 248 338 268 184 615 Singapore – – – – – – 41 248 Indonesia 12 52 22 76 20 51 66 126 India 14 52 1 4 8 31 10 48 China Cinnamon, ground – 3 9 7 7 31 2 12 US 30 146 17 87 625 170 311 164 Sri Lanka 16 35 4 12 11 11 24 126 Indonesia 6 25 27 120 26 136 15 106 India 2 13 5 22 19 48 42 31 China – – 1 9 8 13 1 1 Spain – – 1 19 – – – – Honduras – – 3 12 – – – – Grenada – – 5 24 – – – – Brazil – 5 – 3 20 15 – – Total 4510 18,458 5416 21,175 6193 26,389 5275 30,031 Note Qty in tonnes, value in thousand US$. Cinnamon and cassia are the most important spices imported into Japan. In the import statistics both spices are treated under cinnamon, although the bulk is, in fact, cassia. China is by far the largest supplier of cassia, accounting for over 90% of total imports. In 1996 Japan imported 2361 t of cinnamon and cassia worth US$5.35m. The cinnamon import was mainly from Sri Lanka. During the same year Japan imported cinnamon worth 12.3 million Sri Lankan rupees. Cinnamon quills accounted for about 21% of the total imports of cinnamon from Sri Lanka. In 1998 Japan’s total import was 1797t worth US$3.9 m. China was the leading supplier of both ground (333MT) and unground (1085MT) cinnamon and cassia to Japan in 1998 (Table 12.11). Australia Cinnamon and cassia are imported into Australia in the forms of cinnamon bark and quills, ground cinnamon and cassia and cassia bark. Sri Lanka has maintained its position as the major supplier of cinnamon to the Australian market. Indonesia is the other major source. The US, Singapore and Germany are the non-producing suppliers, and are constant sources of the ground product, albeit at a fluctuating level. The imports of ground cinnamon accounted for more than 50% in the beginning of 1990s and the share came down to around 33% in 1998. The total import of cinnamon (both whole and ground) has remained around 350t during the past ten years.
296 M.S. Madan and S. Kannan Table 12.11 Japan’s imports of ground cassia and cinnamon – country-wise sources Country of 1995 1996 1997 1998 origin Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Cinnamon, whole China 1657 3552 1548 3288 1132 2223 1085 2117 Vietnam 242 701 243 767 291 806 163 441 Sri Lanka 14 191 17 156 19 197 23 354 Indonesia 28 90 49 144 18 36 27 45 US – – – – – 9 4 13 Hong Kong 13 23 1 11 – 2 5 13 Malaysia Cinnamon, ground – – – – 2 11 3 11 China 241 452 328 533 231 369 333 512 Vietnam 148 424 155 347 94 183 110 240 Malaysia – – – – 1 7 27 92 Indonesia 13 76 17 87 20 89 10 41 US – 3 2 19 1 20 1 12 Hong Kong – – – – – – 8 11 Total 2356 5519 2360 5359 1809 3957 1797 3908 Note Qty in tonnes, value in thousand US$. Cinnamon is used in the food manufacturing sector and the bakery industry. As in the US, cassia is preferred in the Australian bakery sector as well, because of its stronger flavour. Middle East countries The Middle East market is a growing market for cinnamon and cassia products. Next to pepper, cassia and cinnamon are the most popular spices in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and the UAE. Their import mainly consists of cassia, though a small quantity of cinnamon is also imported from Sri Lanka. China is the major supplier for this vast and vibrant market. The period-wise growth rate estimated for individual country’s imports indicates that there is a surge in demand for the commodity both in traditional and in new markets. The estimated demand of growth rate is more than that of the population growth rate, indicating enormous market potential for the crop. Export About 94% of the total production in the world is exported, indicating the commercial nature of the crop. Untill the end of 1970s (period I), Sri Lanka was the leader in production and export of this commodity controlling the markets of North and South America. The other major importers, like France, Germany and the UK, re-export value added cinnamon products. The share of Sri Lanka’s export has been reduced from one third of the global demand to one/tenth over the past two decades.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Page 316 and 317: Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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