The genus Cinnamomum

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Conclusion In spite of the fact that C. burmannii is an important export crop, little research and development has gone into its production and improvement. Even efforts on collectionconservation and evaluation of germplasm have been initiated only very recently. In Sumatera these activities were started during 1991–1992. The Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Crops has initiated this work at its research centre in Sumatera where a germplasm collection has been assembled. This collection consists of progenies of 71 trees selected from the field, 232 random collections, and 35 elite collections. There are also four blocks of half a ha each of Bukit Gompong cinnamon collection conserved there. No superior line has so far been released for commercial growing, through a couple of superior lines have been identified. References Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinnamon) 197 Bakker, M.E., Gerritsen, A.F. and Van Der Schaaf, P.J. (1992). Leaf anatomy of Cinnamomum Schaeffer (Lauraceae) with special reference to oil and mucilage cells. Blumea, 37, 1–30. Dao, N.K., Hop, T. and Siemonsma, J.S. (1999) Cinnammomum Schaeffer. In C.C. De Guzman and J.S. Siemonsma (eds), Plant Resources of South East Asia, Vol. 13, Spices. Backheys Pub., Laden, pp. 94–99. Darwati, I. and Hasanah, M. (1987) Perkecambahan benih kayumanis dari bergagai tingkat kemasakan dan periode penyimpanan. Pebrt. LITTRI, XIII (1–2), 5–11. Denium, H.K. (1949), Kaneel: In de Lanbouw in die Indische Archipel, deel IIB, pp. 746–762. De Guzman, C.C. and Siemonsma, J.S. (eds) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia, Vol. 13, Spices. Backheys Pub. London. Djafaruddin, M. and Hanafiah, A. (1975) Research on cinnamon diseases especially canker (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in West Sumatera. Ris Mc, Bogor, Indonesia, pp. 76. Djisbar, A. (1994) Usulan pelepasan varietas kayumanis yang cocok untuk daerah-daerah Sumatera Barat, Jambi dan Sumatera. p. 24. Djisbar, A. and Dhalimi, A. (1996) Pengembangan kayu manis di sekitar danau Singkarak dalam rangka konservasi dan peningkatan pendapatan petani. Prosiding seminar dan temu lapang. Teknologi konservasi air berwawasan agribisnis pada ekosistem wilayah Sumatera Barat. Singkarak 21–22 December 1995, Bilittro. hal, 18–28. Guenther, E. (1950) The Essential Oils. Vol. 2. Van Nostrand Co., New York, p. 516. Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1964) Bibliographia Lauracearum, National Herbareum, Bogor. Lawrence, B.M. (1967) A review of some commercial aspects of cinnamon, Perf. Ess. Oil Rec. April 236–241. Mardinus, D., Rifai, F. and Kiman, Z. (1974) Pest and diseases and their effects on the development of technique and marketing of Cassia vera. Presented in the Workshop of Development of Culture Technique and Marketing of Cassia vera. Faculty of Agriculture. Andalas University, Padang. p. 15. Moestafa, A. and Badeges, F. (1986). Penyulingan minyak daun kayu manis Cinnamomum burmannii, C. zeylanicum dan, C. cassia secara kohobasi dan identifikasi komponen minyak yang dinasilkan. Warta IHP, 3(1), 22–25. Nursandi, F., Murniati, E. and Suwarto (1990) Pengaruh priming pada benih kedelai terhadap nilai vigor kecambah dan vigor tanaman. Proceeding seminar sehari kebijaksanaan perbenihan nasional. Forum komunikasi antar peminat dan ahli benih. Keluarga Benih. I (2: 11–21). Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.I. and Robbins, S.R.J. (1981) Spices Vol. 1, longman, London, pp. 100–173.
198 M. Hasanah et al. Ridwansyah, M. (1998) Economic analysis of protecting cinnamon resources in Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Kabupaten Kerinci, Jambi province, Indonesia. M.S. thesis, College of Agriculture, Laguna, Philippines, p. 164. Rusli, S. and Abdullah, A. (1988) Prospek penfembangan kayu manis di Indonesia. Journal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, VII (3), 75–79, Badan Litbag Pertanian. Department Pertanian. Rusli, S. and Ma’mun (1990) Karakteristik Tiga Jenis Minyak Kulit Kayu Manis Komersial. Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri, No. 6, 62–64. Rusli, S. and Hamid, A. (1990) Cinnamon spp. Balai Penelitian Tenaman Remph-dan-obat (Indonesia). Edisikhususy, 6(1), 45–53. Siswoputranto, P.S. (1976) Komoditi ekspor Indonesia. Penerbit P.T. Gramedia, Jakarta, p. 310. Syakir, M. and Hermanto (1995). Tingkat erodibilitas tanah dan bahaya erosi pada kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) sebagai tanaman konservasi. Seminar Nasional dan Temu Lapang Teknologi Konservasi Lahan Kritis Berwawasan Agribisnis Pada Ekosistem Wilayah Sumatera Barat Padang. 21–22 December 1995. Tidak diterbitkan. Usman (1999). Effect of spacing fertilizers and methods of harvesting on growth and yield of cassia vera (Cinnamomum burmannii BL). Indonesian Journal of Crop Science, 14(2), 1–6. Yu-Jing, L., Liang-feng, Z., Bi-yao, L., Langtian, M., Zhao-lun, L. and Liang-zhi, J. (1987) Studies on mei pian tree (Cinnamomum burmannii physiological type) as a new source of natural D-borneol. Acta Brt. Sinica, 29, 373–375. Xiao-duo, J., Quan-Long, P., Garraffo, H.M. and Pannell, L.K. (1991) Essential oil of the leaf barkl and branch of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume. J. Essent. Oil Res., 3, 373–375.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Page 166 and 167: Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169: Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171: Special protection information Resp
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Page 174 and 175: Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177: Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179: Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181: make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183: Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185: Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187: Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189: Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
Page 190 and 191: Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
Page 192 and 193: Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195: Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197: Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199: Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201: Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209: Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221: Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
Page 234 and 235: The condenser is the most bulky and
Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241: Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249: Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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