The genus Cinnamomum

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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and Cassia M. Anandaraj and S. Devasahayam Introduction Cinnamon is reported to be infested by over 70 species of insect pests, especially in India and Sri Lanka. However, very little authentic information is available on the insect pests of cassia cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. tamala and C. cassia). Some information on the insect pests of cinnamon is offered by Singh et al. (1978), Rajapakse and Kulasekara (1982), Butani (1983), Kumaresan et al. (1988) and Premkumar et al. (1994). From Indonesia, Wikardi and Wahyono (1991) reviewed the insect pests and natural enemies of cinnamon and cassia. One of the most destructive of plant pathogens, Phytophthora, was first recorded on cinnamon (Rands, 1922). However information on diseases affecting this crop is few and scanty. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils present in cinnamon could be one of the reasons for fewer diseases recorded on this plant (Chandra et al., 1982; Khanna et al., 1988; Hili et al., 1997; Baratta et al., 1998). However, many of fungi have been recorded on dried and stored cinnamon (Balagopal et al., 1973). The insect pests and diseases recorded on cinnamon and cassia are discussed in this chapter (see also Chapters 6 and 7 for the pests and diseases of Chinese and Indonesian cassias). Insect Pests Major insect pests of cinnamon include foliage feeders such as the cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clytia L.), shoot and leaf webber (Sorolopha archimedias Meyr.), leaf miner (Conopomorpha civica Meyr.) and chafer beetle (Popillia complanata Newman) in India; and jumping plant louse (Trioza cinnamomi Boselli), cinnamon butterfly (C. clytia), cinnamon blue bottle (Graphium sarpedon Felder) and leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis Walk.) in Sri Lanka. Minor insect pests belong to diverse groups and are mostly foliage feeders; some are capable of causing severe damage to the crop in various locations. Major insect pests of cassia in India include the cinnamon butterfly (C. clytia) and leaf miner (C. civica). Information available on the distribution, nature of damage and life cycle of major insect pests of cinnamon and cassia are reviewed here. The minor insect pests of these crops (along with major insect pests) have been tabulated (Tables 10.1 and 10.2). Major insect pests Cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clytia) The cinnamon butterfly is the most serious pest of cinnamon and Chinese cassia, being widely prevalent in India and Sri Lanka. Larvae of the pest feed voraciously on tender and partly mature leaves, leaving only the midrib and portions of veins (Fig. 10.1). Both young plants in nurseries and plants in plantations are affected by the pest. Young plants are often completely defoliated by the pest. Heavy infestations of the pest 0-415-31755-X/04/$0.00 $1.50 © 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Table 10.1 List of insects recorded on cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Genus/species Country Reference Order: Hemiptera Family: Psyllidae Paurapsylla depressa C. India Ayyar, 1940 Unidentified psyllid India Mani, 1973 Family: Triozidae Trioza cinnamomi Boselli Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Membracidae Gargara extrema Dist. India CPCRI, 1979 Family: Cicadellidae Bothrogonia sp. India Kumaresan et al., 1988 Family: Aleyrodidae Bemicia tabaci Guen. India Koya et al., 1983 Family: Aphididae Micromyzus nigrum Sri Lanka Van der Goot, 1918 Van der Goot Family: Margarodidae Icerya longirostris Seychelles Dupont, 1931 Family: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Mask. Seychelles, India, Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938; Singh et al., Sri Lanka 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Coccus mangiferae Green Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 Eucalymnatus perforatus Newst. Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 E. tesellatus (Sign.) Seychelles, Samoa Anon, 1913; Hopkins, 1927 Neolecanium cinnamomi Sri Lanka Rutherford, 1914 N. pseudoleae Sri Lanka Rutherford, 1914 Vinsonia stellifera Western Seychelles Hill, 1983 Family: Diaspididae Aulacaspis tubercularis Newst. Java (Indonesia) Williams, 1961 Chrysomphalus sp. India New record C. dictyospermi (Morg.) Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 C. ficus Ash. Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 Pulvinaria pyriformis Ckll. Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 Parasaissetia (Saissetia) India Suresh and nigra (Nietner) Mohanasundaram, 1996 Family: Miridae Helopeltis sp. Java (Indonesia) Roepke, 1916 Family: Plataspidae Coptosoma pygmaeum Mont. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Membracidae Leptocentrus obliqus Walk. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Scarabaeidae Apogonia proxima India Veenakumari and Mohanraj, 1993 Popillia complannta Newman India Singh et al., 1978 Singhala helleri Ohs. India Singh et al., 1978 Leucopholis pinguis Burm. India Beeson, 1921
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261: Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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