The genus Cinnamomum

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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil from different parts of camphor tree types Camphor Tree 221 Roots Trunk Bough, twigs Whole tree Camphor % Camphor Cam. % Cam. Cam. % Cam. Cam. % Cam. oil % oil % oil % oil % Hon-Sho 1.02 1.87 0.67 1.53 0.47 1.07 0.80 1.60 Ho-Sho – 3.43 – 2.26 – 0.91 – 2.40 Leaves of – – – – – – 0.7 0.4 Hon-Sho Table 9.4 Average yield of camphor and oil from trees of different heights Ht. above Hon-Sho tree Ho-Sho tree ground (m) 120-years old 120-years old pinene was also started using the following synthetic route: pinene : bornyl chloride : camphene : camphor. However, in the post-war years the Formosan camphor industry suffered a set back due to the large scale production of synthetic camphor by the USA. The Formosan camphor oil (Taiwan camphor oil) is still an important product of international trade. The Chinese camphor industry Dia. (cm) Camphor % Camphor oil % Diameter Ho-Sho oil 0.30 107.3 1.73 2.24 109.1 2.68 3.03 80.6 1.11 1.61 74.5 2.19 6.67 71.8 0.82 1.26 67.9 1.72 12.12 54.5 0.48 0.81 60.9 1.55 15.76 40.0 0.17 0.58 51.8 1.47 19.39 24.2 0.06 0.34 42.4 1.26 21.21 23.0 0.02 0.22 39.7 0.98 23.03 21.2 – – 34.5 0.89 26.66 11.2 – – 26.1 0.56 30.30 – – – 17.3 0.27 Source: Guenther, 1950. Table 9.5 Main fractions of Hon-Sho and Ho-Sho oils Camphor % White Ho oil % Brown Terpineol % Blue Pitch % oil % oil % oil % Hon-Sho oil 50 22 – 20 2 2 2 Ho-Sho oil 40 18 20 13 2 2 2 The Chinese camphor industry was dependent on natural stands of the ‘Hon-Sho’ variety. In China camphor trees occur south of the Yangtse river, in the provinces of Kiangsi, Chekiang, Fukren, Hunan, Kwangtung and Kwangsi. All three varieties – Hon-Sho, Ho-Sho and Yu-Sho – occur under natural stands, and for centuries only Hon-Sho trees were
222 K. Nirmal Babu, P.N. Ravindran and M. Shylaja used for camphor production resulting in a very drastic reduction of this variety. Until relatively recently the Chinese camphor industry was interested only in the production of camphor, the camphor oil was never used. The producers have developed the Chinese method of camphor extraction (bowl method) and the improved barrel method, which is a simpler version of the Japanese method. In the first quarter of the last century, China exported large quantities of camphor. The Chinese camphor industry also suffered a lot during the world war years and during the post-war years the Chinese camphor industry continued to decline along with the other camphor producing countries. However, the introduction of leaf distillation for the production of camphor oil has given a new impetus to the camphor industry of China. With government support camphor oil production has gone up substantially in the past two decades. The Sichuan province is now the major camphor leaf oil production region where a new distillary at Yibui produces more than 1000 t of camphor leaf oil annually, about 70% of China’s total output (Weiss, 1997). Physico-chemical Properties of Camphor Oil Original oil (non-rectified) Oil of Kusunoki Hon-Sho oil: Specific gravity (25°C) – 0.9543 Optical rotation – 32°24 Refractive index (25°C) – 1.4806 Acid number – 1.1 Saponification number – 4.1 Saponification number after acetylation – 23.3 Alcohol content (as C10H18) – 6.5% Camphor content – 50.5% Hon-Sho oil (from Taiwan): Specific gravity at 25°C – 0.936 Optical rotation – 21°58 Refractive index (at 25°C) – 1.4702 Alcohol (content calculated as C10H18O) – 6.5% Camphor content – 50.5% Ho-Sho soil (from Taiwan): Specific gravity at 25°C – 0.9306 Optical rotation – 21°58 Refractive index (at 25°C) – 1.4702 Alcohol (content calculated as C10H18O) – 30.0% Camphor content – 44.0% Ho-Sho leaf oil: Specific gravity (25°C) – 0.8925 Optical rotation – 11°2 Refractive index (25°C) – 1.4659 Alcohol content (calculated as C10H18O) – 71.2%
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189: Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
Page 190 and 191: Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
Page 192 and 193: Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195: Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197: Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199: Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201: Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
Page 202 and 203: 7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205: propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209: Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
Page 210 and 211: the branch. The mycelium layer pene
Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215: Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221: Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 240 and 241: Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249: Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261: Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
Page 276 and 277: 11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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