The genus Cinnamomum

More documents

Recommendations

Info

location 90 physico-chemical properties 222 properties 233 uses 233 yield 218 processing 216 propagation 214 properties 233 sub-specific division 213 synthetic camphor 233 Taiwan camphor industry 219 Taiwan camphor trees 220 taxonomy 211 uses 233 Canella alba 351 cassia 9, 10, 14, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 71, 80, 81, 107 biosystematics 54 cassia buds 53 chemistry 80 analytical methodology 81 secondary metabolites 107 chemotaxonomy 55 interrelationship 54 oil 11, 168 composition 171, 172, 175, 176 safety data 151 propagation 59 micropropagation 63 vegetative 61 cell inclusions 32 chemical composition 115, 204 chemistry 80, 193 analytical methods 81 biosynthesis cinnamic aldehyde 93 eugenol 94 phenylpropanoids 91 sesquiterpenoids 97 terpenoids 95 component structures 112–15 GLC 81 HPLC 88 IR 89 location of volatiles 90 mass spectrometric studies 97 oil camphor tree 228 Chinese cassia 168–74 cinnamon 80–120 composition 82, 115 Indian cassia 204–6 Indonesian cassia 193–6 other species 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 343, 345, 347, 348 secondary metabolites 107 chemotaxonomy 55 Chinese cassia 16, 19, 71, 156 bark 174 biological effects 174 properties 174 diseases and pests 167 ecology 158 economic value 166 end use 323 industry 324 medicine 323 spice 323 harvesting 162 handling after harvest 163 improvement 71 international trade 164 adulteration and substitute 165 yield 165 oil 168 composition 168 physiochemical properties 168 production 166 planting and husbandry 159 cassia forest 161 protection and management 162 production 164 Ramulus cinnamomi 179 uses 179 chips 135, 142 cinnamic aldehyde 93 Cinnamomum 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60 chemical variability 56 chemovar 56–9 cytology 59 nomenclature 15 taxonomy 16 C. angustifolium 330 C. appelianum 58 C. aromaticum 17 C. bejolghota 56, 330 C. bodinieri 58 C. burmannii 19, 185 C. camphora see camphor C. capparu-coronde 332 C. cassia see cassia C. cecidodaphne 56, 333 C. citriodorum 334 C. cordatum 335 C. culitlawan 56, 335 C. daphnoides 6 C. deschampsii 337 C. glanduliferum 56, 337 C. glaucescens 337 C. impressinervium 203, 338 C. japonicum 338 C. kanahirai 339 C. kiamis 57 Index 357
358 Index C. longepaniculatum 58 C. loureirii 57 C. macrocarpum 31 C. malabatrum 31, 341 C. nicolsonianum 351 C. oliverii 351 C. osmophloem 342 C. parthenoxylon 57, 58, 344 C. pauciflorum 58, 344 C. pedunculatum 57 C. perpetuoflorens 15 C. perrottettii 31 C. platiphyllum 58 C. porrectum 342 C. riparium 31 C. septentrionale 58 C. sieboldii 60 C. sintok 57 C. sulphuratum 57, 203, 345 C. tamala 20, 57, 199 C. tenuipilis 346 C. verum see cinnamon C. wightii 346 C. wilsonii 58 C. zeylanicum see cinnamon cinnamon anatomy 22 bark anatomy 34 bark regeneration 41 biosynthesis cinnamic aldehyde 93 eugenol 94 phenylpropanoids 91 sesquiterpenoids 97 terpenoids 95 biosystematics 54 botany 14 breeding behaviour 44 cell inclusions 32 chemistry 80 analytical methodology 81 volatile oil 82–103 see also oil, essential chemotaxonomy 55 composition 115 crop improvement 14, 66 genetic resources 66 variability and association 68 varieties 66 cultivation 121 field planting 123, 125 propagation 123 cytology 59 development of mucilage cells 25 development of oil cells 25 economics and marketing 285 cinnamon oil 303 demand 308 export 296 market 290 price analysis 300 price formation 300 supply 309 trade and commerce 289 embryology 48 embryo 50 embryo sac 50 endosperm 51 ontogeny of carpel 49 ovule 49 epidermis 27 floral anatomy 46 floral biology 44 floral morphology 44 foliar epidermal character 27 fruit 52 future vision 327 history, early 1 modern 7 interrelationship 54 leaf anatomy 22 leaf morphology 23 less known taxa 349 C. macrocarpum 350 C. nicolsonianum 351 C. oliverii 351 Cinnamomum sp. from China 350 Cinnamomum sp. from Vietnam 350 high saffrole containing taxa 349 white cinnamon 351 management 121 bark oils 137 chips 135 cinnamon oils 136 cleanliness specifications 153 diseases 127, 128 extraction and processing of bark 131 featherings 134 fertilizer application 126 harvesting 128 leaf oils 139 maintenance 126 oleoresin 140 pests 127 pharmaceutical preparations 141 processing 128, 131 products 132 quality assessment 128 quillings 132 replanting 127 standards and specifications 141 storage and transport conditions 151 supercritical fluid extraction of cinnamon 139 training of plants and pruning 127 types 146
Page 2 and 3:
Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 4 and 5:
Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 6:
This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
Page 11 and 12:
x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
Page 13 and 14:
xii Preface to the series compounds
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Preface When we approached the
Page 18 and 19:
1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
Page 20 and 21:
French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
Page 22 and 23:
Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
Page 24 and 25:
Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
Page 26 and 27:
Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33:
Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 34 and 35:
(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49:
Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51:
1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 56 and 57:
(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63:
(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65:
1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85:
Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87:
Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Little crop improvement work has go
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
Page 118 and 119:
1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
Page 120 and 121:
1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
opportunities lies in the new centu
Page 126 and 127:
R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
Page 134 and 135:
(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
Page 136 and 137:
Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
Page 138 and 139:
4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
Page 142 and 143:
the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145:
Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147:
Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149:
HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151:
(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153:
Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155:
cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157:
KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
Page 158 and 159:
the oleoresin is stored in suitable
Page 160 and 161:
Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
Page 162 and 163:
Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
Page 164 and 165:
Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
Page 166 and 167:
Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169:
Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171:
Special protection information Resp
Page 172 and 173:
Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
Page 174 and 175:
Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179:
Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181:
make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183:
Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185:
Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187:
Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189:
Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
Page 190 and 191:
Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
Page 192 and 193:
Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195:
Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197:
Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199:
Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201:
Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
Page 202 and 203:
7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205:
propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207:
Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
Page 210 and 211:
the branch. The mycelium layer pene
Page 212 and 213:
Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215:
Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217:
8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219:
Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221:
Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223:
Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225:
Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227:
References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229:
9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231:
Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233:
Camphor Tree 215 succession species
Page 234 and 235:
The condenser is the most bulky and
Page 236 and 237:
Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239:
Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241:
Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243:
Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245:
Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247:
Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249:
Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251:
Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253:
Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255:
Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257:
10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259:
Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261:
Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267:
C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279:
Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281:
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305:
Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
Page 312 and 313:
Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
Page 318 and 319:
Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
Page 324 and 325: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
Page 332 and 333: End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
Page 346 and 347: Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
Page 352 and 353: cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
show all

The genus Cinnamomum

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?