The genus Cinnamomum

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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtella Walk. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Order: Coleoptera Family: Chrysomelidae Coenobius lateralis Weise Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Cryptocephalus snillus Suffr. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 C. virgula Suffr. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Podagrica badia Harold Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Attelabidae Apoderus scitulus Walk. India Singh et al., 1978 Centrocorynus dohrni Jekwl. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Curculionidae Alcides morio Heller India Premkumar, 1988 Centhorrhynchus corbetti Marshall Malaysia Marshall, 1935 Family: Scolytidae Thamnurgides cinnamomi Sri Lanka Eggers, 1936 Order: Diptera Family: Cecidomyiidae India Mani, 1973 Unidentified cecidomyiid Order: Lepidoptera Family: Psychidae India Mathew and Mohandas, 1989 Unidentified psychid Family: Gracillariidae Acrocercops sp. India Singh et al., 1978 Conopomorpha civica Meyr. India Devasahayam and Koya, 1993 Family: Phyllocnistidae Phyllocnistis citrella Straint Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 P. chrysoptohlama Meyr. India Meyrick, 1932 Family: Cossidae Zeuzera coffeae Nietn. Sri Lanka Rutherford, 1913 Family: Limacodidae Latoia lepida (Cram.) India Devasahayam (new record) Family: Tortricidae Homona coffearia (Nietn.) Malaysia Hill, 1983 Lopharcha sp. India Devasahayam and Koya, 1993 Olethreutes (Argyroploce) aprobola Meyr. Sri Lanka, Seychelles Hutson, 1921; Dupont, 1921 O. semiculta Meyr. Sri Lanka Hutson, 1921 Sorolopha archimedias Meyr. India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Pyralidae Anartula thurivora Meyr. Sri Lanka Meyrick, 1932 Orthaga vitalis Walk. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Papilionidae Chilasa clytia L. India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Graphium doson L. India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 G. saperodon L. India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982
Table 10.1 (Continued) Genus/species Country Reference Family: Geometridae Pingasa ruginaria Guen. Malaysia Corbett, 1929 Sauris sp. India Singh et al., 1978 Semiothisa sp. India Singh et al., 1978 Thalassodes sp. Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Family: Lasiocampidae Bharetta cinnamomea Moore India Butani, 1983 Family: Saturniidae Attacus atlas L. Sri Lanka Hutson, 1921 Cricula trifenestrata Helf. India, Burma Ghosh, 1925; CPCRI, 1981 Family: Sphingidae <strong>The</strong>vetra nessus Drury Malaysia Corbett, 1929 Family: Arctiidae Argina syringa Cram. India CPCRI, 1979 Diacrisia obliqua Walk. India CPCRI, 1981 Family: Noctuidae Selepa celtis Moore India Singh et al., 1978 Family: Lymantriidae Dasychira horsfieldi Saunders India Butani, 1983 Dasychira mendosa Hab. India, Sri Lanka Butani, 1983; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Euproctis fraterna Moore India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 E. irrotata Moore Sri Lanka Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Hypsidera talaca Walk. India CPCRI, 1979 Leucoma submarginata Walk. Malaysia Corbett, 1929 Redoa submarginata Walk. India CPCRI, 1979 Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon) Seychelles Haines and Haines, 1978 Oecophylla smaragdina (F.) India, Sri Lanka Singh et al., 1978; Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Table 10.2 List of insects recorded on cassia (<strong>Cinnamomum</strong> cassia)* Genus/species Country Reference Order: Orthoptera Family: Acrididae Unidentified India Devasahayam (new record) Order: Lepidoptera Family: Gracillaridae Conopomorpha civica Meyr. India Devasahayam (new record) Family: Tortricidae Cophoprora sp. China Liu et al., 1992 Unidentified India Devasahayam (new record) Family: Papilionidae Chilasa clytia L. India Devasahayam (new record) Note * See also Chapter 6.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215: Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241: Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249: Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 260 and 261: Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 286 and 287: Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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