The genus Cinnamomum

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Table 2.13 Growth and yield parameters of the selected cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (Pooled mean of four years from 1992 to 1995) Accession Plant Canopy Dry leaf yield Leaf oil yield Oil recovery Oil recovery Eugenol Eugenol yield Cinnamon yield no. height (cm) spread (cm) (kg/tree) (ml/tree/year) FWB (%) DWB (%) content (%) (ml/tree) index (%) ODC-10 313.8 255.0 7.40 234.53 1.36 3.18 91.36 231.87 80.25 ODC-24 325.8 262.5 5.59 187.04 1.33 3.40 90.18 169.39 69.50 ODC-28 260.0 240.0 4.96 168.77 1.46 3.41 93.74 158.03 66.75 ODC-32 338.3 282.5 7.77 229.93 1.27 2.96 87.86 198.21 75.25 ODC-37 300.8 267.5 4.99 168.78 1.49 3.49 92.44 155.37 66.25 ODC-38 318.8 293.8 6.34 231.02 1.64 3.82 88.78 203.46 79.25 ODC-39 373.8 311.3 6.67 184.71 1.24 2.89 85.52 155.43 68.00 ODC-40 299.5 255.0 5.67 200.10 1.47 3.43 92.80 182.33 72.25 ODC-45 301.3 247.0 6.21 215.49 1.46 3.41 89.29 193.19 74.50 ODC-67 286.3 269.8 6.46 239.84 1.56 3.64 87.21 209.71 78.00 ODC-72 342.5 228.0 5.21 182.50 1.52 3.53 88.73 163.03 69.50 ODC-74 288.3 241.3 5.54 178.37 1.41 3.29 91.62 162.45 69.00 ODC-91 297.5 239.0 6.02 173.96 1.24 2.88 89.34 155.49 66.75 ODC-99 287.8 227.8 4.68 159.07 1.48 3.45 90.48 144.10 65.75 ODC-101 365.0 265.5 6.14 216.66 1.50 3.49 90.72 197.59 74.75 ODC-111 323.8 237.5 5.77 195.03 1.46 3.40 87.21 170.20 72.50 ODC-128 242.8 219.5 4.23 159.68 1.66 3.88 95.03 151.67 68.75 ODC-130 319.0 291.3 7.88 294.69 1.60 3.73 93.67 275.11 91.00 ODC-133 362.0 266.5 7.33 232.21 1.34 3.14 89.11 206.38 77.00 ODC-147 306.3 278.3 7.25 204.96 1.19 2.78 91.33 186.49 72.25 ODC-183 306.0 247.8 6.11 205.24 1.57 3.68 88.52 181.44 72.25 ODC-197 295.0 257.5 4.73 176.20 1.55 3.61 90.35 158.70 66.50 ODC-209 299.8 245.0 6.41 212.70 1.44 3.36 63.88 199.95 76.50 ODC-224 288.5 263.8 5.15 205.24 1.67 3.89 80.53 162.50 69.75 Mean 292.8 238.1 4.77 154.12 1.39 3.24 90.25 138.53 63.20 CD 0.05 29.53 29.73 1.50 60.64 0.31 0.72 4.10 53.60 10.26 Source: Joy et al., 1998. Note AMPRS: Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station.
70 P.N. Ravindran et al. correlation between flush colour and quality – the purple coloured plants having more bark oil (about 29% more). Correlation and path analysis studies conducted by Joy et al. (1998) indicated that the economic yield characteristics (fresh leaf yield, leaf oil yield and eugenol yield) were highly correlated among themselves, the values ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. The component characteristics, plant height and canopy spread, were highly and positively correlated between themselves as well as to the three economic characteristics mentioned above. On this basis of high correlation, plant height, canopy spread, fresh leaf yield, leaf oil yield and eugenol yield were used for working out multiple regression and path coefficients. High coefficients of determination existed for all equations, and values ranged from 0.72 to 0.99. However, the R 2 value for leaf oil yield on plant height, canopy spread and fresh leaf yield did not show improvement over the correlation between leaf oil yield and fresh leaf yield ( 0.93). Similar was the case with the multiple regression equation of eugenol yield on plant height and leaf oil yield ( 0.99). The above workers suggested that variability in eugenol yield was determined more by the indirect effects rather than by the direct effect of plant height, canopy spread or fresh leaf yield. Similarly, the variability in leaf oil yield was determined more by the indirect effects than by the direct effect of plant height or canopy spread. The path diagram suggested by the above workers (Joy et al., 1998) is given below. The characteristic, that is ultimately important is the eugenol yield. There is a unidirectional relationship among fresh leaf yield → leaf oil yield → eugenol yield as indicated by the high path coefficients. Canopy spread is directly linked to plant height, but is poorly associated with fresh leaf yield. Canopy yield 0.74 γ = 0.69 Fresh leaf yield Plant height 0.14 0.93 Oil yield R 2 2 = 0.72 R = 0.86 0.99 Eugenol yield 2 R = 0.99 Therefore, selection for improvement in oil or eugenol yield, which requires cumbersome procedures, can be done indirectly using leaf yield, which in turn is related closely to canopy spread. Krishnamoorthy et al. (1988) observed significant variability for bark oil content in cinnamon germplasm. Krishnamoorthy et al. (1991) also reported significant variation in progeny performance of nine lines for plant height, number of branches per tree, fresh and dry weight of bark and percentage recovery of bark. Krishnamoorthy et al. (1992) also studied the variability and association studies in 71 cinnamon germplasm accessions maintained in the germplasm conservatory of IISR, Calicut (Table 2.14). Among the characteristics, the highest variation was for dry weight of bark followed by fresh weight of bark, bark oleoresin and leaf oil. Moderate variability was noted for bark oil and leaf size index. High association existed between fresh weight of bark and leaf oil with dry weight of bark. Ponnuswamy et al. (1982) also conducted some studies on variability among seedling progenies of cinnamon. In field plantations of
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 36 and 37: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 38 and 39: Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 46 and 47: 1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51: 1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 56 and 57: (k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
Page 60 and 61: 1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63: (a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65: 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 78 and 79: viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 82 and 83: Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 110 and 111: HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 116 and 117: -Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
Page 118 and 119: 1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
Page 120 and 121: 1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
Page 124 and 125: opportunities lies in the new centu
Page 126 and 127: R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
Page 132 and 133: p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
Page 134 and 135: (E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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