The genus Cinnamomum

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum 353 acrid. The local people use it as a spice, and also for flavouring tobacco. The bark contains a volatile oil having a pungent aromatic taste, and contains eugenol, cineol and terpenes. It also contains an alkaloid Canellin. The bark is a traditional medicine, used in curing stomach pain and indigestion. Along with aloes it is used as a purgative (Grieve and Leyel, 1931). Conclusion Many species of Cinnamomum, in addition to those that are important spices (C. verum, C. cassia, C. burmannii, C. tamala), are sources of essential oil and are economically useful. Information on the chemical composition of only a few species is available. Many species occurring in the South-East Asian regions have been investigated to some extent, while little information is available on species occurring in other regions. The existence of many species is under severe threat, and some may even be extinct. A typical case is that of C. heynianum Nees, reported to be from the Western Ghat region, which is known only from the single original type collection (Kostermans, 1983). C. nicolsonianum, a new species described by Manilal and Shylaja (1986), could not be located subsequently, and may be on the verge of extinction. Just like any other forest taxa, the severe threat on forestland – encroachment, urbanisation, indiscriminate exploitation – are leading to the decline of the species population. In the Western Ghat regions of Kerala for example, the bark of wild cinnamon trees was extracted indiscriminately for use as a base material in agarbatti (incense stick) manufacturing which has led to a sharp decline of cinnamon trees. This practice was going on for many decades though in the recent past this has been checked to some extent. Species such as C. heynianum and C. nicolsonianum are so rare that special efforts are needed for locating them and for their conservation. Genus Cinnamomum also plays an important role in the search for new sources of aroma chemicals. This is a very important area in which the world perfume industry is interested. Recently C. burmannii f. heyneanum (C. heyneanum, Li-Xi Wen and Bi-Qiang, 1997) has gained importance as a valuable source of safrole and this species is now being considered for commercial exploitation. C. tenuipilis is another source of the valuable chemical linalool. Further investigations on other species may lead to the discovery of more species having unique flavour characteristics and compounds that can be commercially exploited. References Adhikary, S.R., Tuladhar, B.S., Sheak, A., Van Beek, T.A., Posthumus, M.A. and Lelyveld, G.P. (1992) Investigations of Nepalese essential oils. 1. The oil of Cinnamomum glaucescens (Sugandha Kokila). J. Essential Oil Res., 4, 151–159. Anandakumar, A., Balasubramanian, M. and Muralidharan, R. (1986) Nagakesara – a comparative pharmacognosy. Ancient Science of Life, 5, 263–268. Anonymous (1950) The Wealth of India, Raw materials, Vol. II, CSIR, New Delhi, pp. 173–183. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Sarma, T.C. (1997) Essential oils of leaf, stem bark and panicle of Cinnamomum begolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet. J. Essent. Oil Res., 9, 243–245. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (1998) Diversity of Cinnamomum species in north-east India: a micromorphological study with emphasis to venation pattern. In A.K. Goel, V.K. Jain and A.K. Nayak (eds) Modern Trends in Biodiversity, Jaishree Prakashan, Muzzafarnagar, pp. 147–167.
354 M. Shylaja, P.N. Ravindran and K. Nirmal Babu Baruah, A., Nath, S.C. and Boissya, C.L. (1999a) Taxonomic discrimination amongst certain chemotypes of Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees, with emphasis to foliar micromorphology. J. Swamy Bot. Cl., 16, 3–7. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C. and Leclercq, P.A. (1999b) Leaf and stem bark oils of Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees from North-East India. J. Essent. Oil Res., 11, 194–196. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (2000a) Certain chemo-morphological variants of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet and their relevance to foliar micromorphology. J. Swamy Bot. Cl., 17, 19–23. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (2000b) Morphology and essential oils of two Cinnamomum parthenoxylon variants growing in North-East India. J. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant. Sci., 22, 370–376. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C. and Boissya, C.L. (2000) Systematics and diversities of Cinnamomum species used as “Tejpat” spice in North-East India. J. Eco. Taxon. Bot., 24, 361–374. Brophy, J.J., Goldsack, P.J. and Foster, P.I. (2001) The leaf oils of the Australian species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae). J. Essent. Oil Res., 13, 332–335. Chalchat, J-C., and Valade, I. (2000) Chemical composition of leaf oils of Cinnamomum from Madagascar: C. zeylanicum Blume, C. camphora L. C. fragrans and C. angustifolium. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, 537–540. Chen-B.Q., Xu-Y., Zeng-F.X., Yu-X.J., Ding-J.K.D. and Wu-Y. (1997). Studies on the introduction and chemical constituents of essential oil of Cinnamomum burmanii f. heyneanum. Acta Bot. Acta Bot. Yunnanica, 14, 105–110. Chowdhury, S., Ahmed, R., Barthel, A. and Leclercq, P.A. (1998) Composition of the bark and flower oils of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet from two locations of Assam, India. J. Essent. Oil Res., 10, 245–250. Dassanayake, M.D., Fosberg, F.R. and Clayton, W.D. (eds) (1995) A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi, pp. 112–129. Dao, N.K., Hop, T. and Siemonsma, J.S. (1999). Cinnamomum Schaeffer. In C.C. De Guzman and J.S. Siemonsma (eds) Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Vol. 13, Spices. Backhuys Pub., Leiden, pp. 95–99. Dixit, B.S., Srivastava, S.N., Sirkar, K.P. and Bhatt, G.R. (1989) Chemical examination of the fruits of Cinnamomum cecidodaphne Meissn. by GLC method. J. Eco.Tax. Bot., 13, 221–222. Dung, N.X., Sothy, N., Lo, V.N. and Leclercq, P.A. (1994). Chemical composition of the wood oil of Cinnamomum albiflorum Nees from Kampuchia. J. Essential oil Res., 6, 201–202. Dung, N.X., Khien, P.V., Vinh, N.T.Q., Le, H.T., Ven, L.J.M. Vande., Leclercq, P.A. (1997) 2-Methylene-3-buten-1-yl benzoate: the major constituent of the leaf, stem and wood oils from “Re Gung” a Vietnamese Cinnamomum sp. tree. J. Essential Oil Res., 9, 57–61. Gamble, J.S. (1925) Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Vol.II, Bot. Sur. India (Reprint). Gildemeister, E. and Hoffmann, F. (1959) cited from Tetenyi (1970). Grieve, M. and Leyel, C.F. (1931) A Modern Herbal. Jonathan Cape, London. Guang-Fu, T. and Yang, Z. (1988) Study on numerical chemo taxonomy of Cinnamomum in Hubei provinces. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 26, 409–417. Hajra, P.K. and Baishya, A.K. 1981. Ethnobotanical notes on the Miris (Mishings) of Assam. In S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford IBH Publ., New Delhi, pp. 161–169. Hooker, J.D. (1886) Flora of British India, Vol. 5. Bishan Singh, Mahendrapal singh, Dehra Dun (Reprint). Hussain, R.A., Kim, J., Hu, T.W., Soejarto, D.D. and Kinghorn, A.D. (1986) Isolation of a highly sweet constituent from Cinnamomum osmophloem leaves. Planta Medica, 5, 403–404. Jantan, I.B., Ayop, N., Hiong, A.B. and Ahmad, A.S. (2002). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cinnamomum cordatum Kosterm. Flavour Fragr. J., 17, 212–214. Khanna, R.K., Jouhari, J.K., Sharma, D.S. and Singh, A. (1988) Essential oil from the fruit rind of Cinnamomum cecidodaphne Meis. Indian Perfumer, 32, 295–300.
Page 2 and 3:
Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 4 and 5:
Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 6:
This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
Page 9 and 10:
viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
Page 11 and 12:
x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
Page 13 and 14:
xii Preface to the series compounds
Page 15 and 16:
xiv Preface When we approached the
Page 18 and 19:
1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
Page 20 and 21:
French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
Page 22 and 23:
Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
Page 24 and 25:
Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
Page 26 and 27:
Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
Page 28 and 29:
Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33:
Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 34 and 35:
(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49:
Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51:
1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 56 and 57:
(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63:
(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65:
1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85:
Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87:
Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Little crop improvement work has go
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
Page 118 and 119:
1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
Page 120 and 121:
1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
opportunities lies in the new centu
Page 126 and 127:
R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
Page 134 and 135:
(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
Page 136 and 137:
Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
Page 138 and 139:
4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
Page 142 and 143:
the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145:
Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147:
Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149:
HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151:
(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153:
Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155:
cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157:
KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
Page 158 and 159:
the oleoresin is stored in suitable
Page 160 and 161:
Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
Page 162 and 163:
Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
Page 164 and 165:
Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
Page 166 and 167:
Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169:
Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171:
Special protection information Resp
Page 172 and 173:
Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
Page 174 and 175:
Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179:
Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181:
make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183:
Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185:
Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187:
Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189:
Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
Page 190 and 191:
Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
Page 192 and 193:
Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195:
Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197:
Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199:
Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201:
Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
Page 202 and 203:
7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205:
propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207:
Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
Page 210 and 211:
the branch. The mycelium layer pene
Page 212 and 213:
Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215:
Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217:
8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219:
Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221:
Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223:
Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225:
Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227:
References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229:
9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231:
Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233:
Camphor Tree 215 succession species
Page 234 and 235:
The condenser is the most bulky and
Page 236 and 237:
Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239:
Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241:
Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243:
Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245:
Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247:
Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249:
Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251:
Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253:
Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255:
Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257:
10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259:
Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261:
Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267:
C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279:
Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281:
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305:
Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
Page 312 and 313:
Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
Page 318 and 319:
Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
Page 320 and 321: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 322 and 323: Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
Page 324 and 325: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
Page 332 and 333: End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
Page 346 and 347: Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
Page 352 and 353: cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
show all

The genus Cinnamomum

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?