The genus Cinnamomum

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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and Cassia 247 The leaf webber is a major pest of cinnamon in Sri Lanka. The larvae of the pest web the tender leaves into clusters, which gradually dry up. A webbed-up cluster of leaves can harbour several larvae inside. Many such webbed clusters of leaves are seen in severely infested plants, which present a sickly appearance. Eggs are laid in small clusters on tender leaves and the incubation period lasts for four to five days. The larvae are initially gregarious and feed by scraping the plant tissues. Fully grown larvae are pale green with dark bands. The larval period, comprising of five to six instars, is completed in 28–30 days. Pupation takes place within a silken cocoon inside the webbed-up cluster of leaves and lasts for 11–14 days (Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982). Minor insect pests Various other insects such as leaf hoppers, psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, scale insects, mirid bugs, leaf-feeding caterpillars, leaf miners, leaf webbers, root grubs, leaf beetles and weevils have also been recorded on cinnamon in many regions. These species mostly infest foliage and can sometimes cause heavy damage in certain localities. A list of these species and their distribution in various parts of the world is provided in Table 10.1. Wikardi and Wahyono (1991), who reviewed the insect pests of cinnamon and their natural enemies from Indonesia, reported several insect pests and their natural enemies (eleven parasitoids, three predators and three microorganisms) from the Bogor region of Indonesia. The dominant pests are a kanani caterpillar (Exicula triferestrata), and a mite (Eriophyes boiisi). C. burmannii is never affected by these pests. Less important pests include a stem borer (Coleoptera, Scolitidae), which attacks seedlings in nurseries and a red caterpillar (Lepidoptera, Cossidae), which attacks young trees. Mesocomys orientalis (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae), and a Graphium sp. are the dominant parasitoids. The predator population is high in cinnamon stands; however, their predatory potential is not known. Two unidentified microorganisms, one attacking a species of grasshopper and a rod-shaped bacterium attacking the kanani caterpillar have also been found. Management Very little published information is available on the management of the insect pests of cinnamon and cassia. The general recommendations suggested include spraying of quinalphos 0.05% for the management of leaf-feeding caterpillars and beetles. Monocrotophos 0.05% and quinalphos 0.05% is recommended for the management of leaf miner on cinnamon (Devasahayam, 2000). Diseases Though many diseases have been recorded on cinnamon (C. verum), only a few are serious, causing economic losses. These include stripe canker, leaf spot, dieback, brown root rot and grey blight diseases. Very few diseases have been recorded on cassia cinnamons (C. cassia, C. burmanii and C. tamala). Diseases of cultivated cinnamon are presented briefly here and have also been tabulated along with diseases that occur on other species of cinnamon (Table 10.3).
Table 10.3 Diseases recorded on cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) Diseases Species affected Causal organism Reference Bark canker C. burmanni Phytophthora cinnamomi Van Hall, 1921 Deng and Guo, 1998 C. camphora Botryosphaeria dothidea Stripe canker C. verum Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, 1922 C. camphora C. culilawan C. sintok Foot rot C. cassia Fusarium oxysporum Dao (this volume) Witches broom C. cassia Phytoplasma Dao (this volume) Decline C. osmophloeum P. cinnamomi Chang, 1993a,b C. camphora Red root Cinnamomum sp. Fomes pseudoferrus Van Overeem, 1925 Brown root rot C. camphora Phellinus noxius Ann et al., 1999 Canker C. camphora Diplodia tubericola Martin, 1925 Canker C. dulce D. cinnamomi Da Camara, 1933 Premature C. verum Sphaerella Ciferri and defoliation cinnamomicola Fragoso, 1927 Pestalozzia funerea Phyllosticta cinnamomi Batista and Vital, 1952 Cytosporella cinnamomi Batista et al., 1953 Foliar diseases C. verum Exosporium cinnamomi Muthappa, 1965, 1967 C. malabatrum Rosenscheldiella cinnamomi C. verum Leptosphaeria almeidae Da Camera Edes, 1929 L. cinnamomi Physalospora cinnamomi Cejp, 1930 Fusarium allescherianum Sclerotium cinnamomi Sawada, 1933 (Corticium) Hypnochnus Ver Woerd and sasaki Du Plessis, 1933 Matsumoto and Hirane, 1933 C. osmophloeum Colletotrichum Chang, 1993c gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata) Phoma multirostrata Diaporthe sp. C. verum Hansfordia cinnamomi Deighton, 1960 Wound parasites C. cecidodaphne Polyporus gilvus Bagchee and Bakshi, 1950 Ganoderma lucidum G. applanatum Fomes badius F. rimosus Black mildews C. riparium Amazonia cinnamomi Hosagoudar, 1984, 1988; Chang, 1993c C. verum Armatella cinnamomi Hansford and Thirumalachar, 1948 A. balakrishnanii Hosagoudar, 1988 A. cinnamomicola Hosagoudar and Balakrishnan, 1995 C. malabatrum A. indica Hosagoudar, 1988
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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