The genus Cinnamomum

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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinnamon. Panni Kurundu, Pat Kurundu or Mapat Kurundu Naga Kurundu Panni Miris Kurundu Veli Kurundu Sewala Kurundu (or Sevel Kurundu) Kahata Kurundu Penirasa Kurundu Peiris Kurundu In addition, there are 19 high quality, high yielding selections, identified through screening of 210 different accessions by the Department of Export Agriculture of Sri Lanka. Propagation and Field Planting Cinnamon can be propagated from seeds and cuttings of young three-leaved shoots. However, propagation by seeds is easier and is the most common practice. Ripe seeds are collected from selected mother plants with desired characteristics such as: 1. erect stem with smooth bark; 2. vigorous growth; 3. ease of peeling the stem bark; Cultivation and Management of Cinnamon 123
124 J. Ranatunga, U.M. Senanayake and R.O.B. Wijesekera 4. resistance towards pests and diseases; 5. chemical composition of the oil (viz. high oil content of the bark and leaves and desired chemical characteristics of oil). Propagation by seeds Ripe seeds collected from mother plants having desired characteristics are heaped in the shade for two to four days until the pulp turns black and disintegrates. The seeds are then separated mechanically, washed and dried in the shade. Over-fermented and light seeds are discarded and the rest are used for planting. According to the Department of Export Agriculture, the seed viability diminishes rapidly with time, and the viability is very low after five weeks. As such, it is important to use fresh seeds for germination. There are three methods for establishing seedlings for cultivation: 1. Direct sowing of seeds in groups of four to five in the field; 2. Transplanting of nursery raised plants (root balling method); 3. Seedlings raised in polythene bags. Direct sowing of seeds When seeds are sown directly in the field, 0.3 0.3 0.3 m holes are dug at a spacing of 1.2 m 1 m and filled with top soil. Seeds are sown in groups of 15–20 in each hole. The main disadvantages of this method are: 1. unnecessary competition among seedlings; 2. a longer period of germination; 3. ill effects of adverse environmental and climatic conditions. Nursery or root ball method Nursery beds 1 m wide and of a convenient length are prepared. Seeds are planted 20 cm apart in rows and 10 cm apart within a row. Seeds are planted in lots of seven to ten in a 4 cm diametre hole at a depth of 4–8 cm and covered with a thin layer of soil. Beds are shaded with polythene or coconut leaf and watered daily in dry weather. After the seedlings have reached a height of 12 cm, the shade is removed gradually. When seedlings are three to four months old it is necessary to remove weak seedlings leaving only three well grown seedlings in a hole. Plants are ready for planting out in the field in eight to ten months times. Before removing seedlings, nursery beds should be watered thoroughly to enable the removal of the seedlings with soil without damaging the root system. Then the seedlings are removed from the bed in such a way that the root system is well covered with a ball of surrounding soil, keeping it in the centre of the soil ball. The soil ball with three seedlings can be transported to the field for planting. This is the most common method adopted by farmers. Raising seedlings in polythene bags Cinnamon seedlings are also raised in polythene bags (10 cm 20 cm) filled with a mixture of top soil/cow dung (1:1). About five to seven seeds are sown in a bag and at
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 92 and 93: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 110 and 111: HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 116 and 117: -Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
Page 118 and 119: 1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
Page 120 and 121: 1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
Page 124 and 125: opportunities lies in the new centu
Page 126 and 127: R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
Page 132 and 133: p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
Page 134 and 135: (E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
Page 136 and 137: Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
Page 138 and 139: 4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
Page 142 and 143: the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149: HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151: (a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153: Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155: cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157: KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
Page 158 and 159: the oleoresin is stored in suitable
Page 160 and 161: Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
Page 162 and 163: Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
Page 164 and 165: Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
Page 166 and 167: Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169: Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171: Special protection information Resp
Page 172 and 173: Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
Page 174 and 175: Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177: Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179: Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181: make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183: Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185: Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187: Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 188 and 189: Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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