The genus Cinnamomum

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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum 355 Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1980) A note on two species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) described in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. In K.S. Manilal (ed.). Botany and Histrory of Hortus Malabaricus, Oxford IBH, New Delhi, pp. 163–167. Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1983) The South Indian Species of Cinnamommum Schaeffer (Lauraceae). Bull. Bot. Sur. India, 25, 90–133. Liang-Fang, Z., Bi-yao, L. and Yu-ying, L. (1984) Studies on chemical constituents of essential oil from leaves of Jiang-Zhag. Acta Bot. Sinica, 26, 639–643. Lin, T.P., Cheng, Y.P. and Huang, S.G. (1997) Allozyme variation in four geographic races of Cinnamomum kanihirai. J. Hered. (USA), 88, 433–438. Li-Xi Wen and Bi-Qiang, C. (1997) A discussion about the botanical name of xia-ye-gui. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 19, 27–28. Manilal, K.S. and Shylaja, M. (1986). A new species of Cinnamomum Schaeffer (Lauraceae) from Malabar. Bull. Bot. Sur. India, 28, 11–113. Masada, Y. (1976) Analysis of Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 193–199. Nath, S.C. and Baruah, K.S. (1994) Eugenol as the major component of the leaf oils of Cinnamomum impressinervium Meis. J. Essent. Oil Res., 6, 211–212. Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Baruah, K.S. (1994) Major component of the leaf oils of Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees. J. Essent. Oil Res., 6, 77–78. Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Baruah, A. (1996) Cinnamaldehyde, the major component of leaf, stem bark and root bark oil of Cinnamomum pauciflorum Nees. J. Essent. Oil Res., 8, 421–422. Nath, S.C., Baruah, A. and Hazarika, A.K. (1999) Essential oils of leaves of Cinnamomum Schaeffer members. Indian Perfumer, 43, 182–190. Okada, H. (1975) Karyomorphological studies of woody polycarpicae. J. Sci Hiroshima Uni., Ser. B(2), 15(2), 115–200. Rao, R.R. (1981). Ethnobotanical studies on the flora of Meghalaya – some interesting reports of the herbal medicines. In S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford IBH Publ., new Delhi, pp. 137–148. Ravindran, S., Balakrishnan, R., Manilal, K.S. and Ravindran, P.N. (1991) A cluster analysis study on Cinnamomum from Kerala, India. Feddes Reper., 102, 167–175. Ravindran, S., Krishnaswamy, N.R., Manilal, K.S. and Ravindran, P.N. (1992) Chemotaxonomy of Cinnamomum Schaeffer occurring in Western ghats. J. Ind. Bot. Soc., 71, 37–41. Ravindran, S., Manilal, K.S. and Ravindran, P.N. (1996) Numerical Taxonomy of Cinnamomum. II Principal component analysis of major spices from Kerala. In K.S. Manilal and A.K. Pandey (eds) Taxonomy and Plant Conservation, CBS, Pub., New Delhi, pp. 153–164. Sheng Hua, W., and Ryvarden, L. and TunTschu, C. (1997) Antrodia camphorata (NIU-changchih) new combination of a medicinal fungus in Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica, 38, 273–275. Shylaja, M. (1984) Studies on Indian Cinnamomum. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Calicut, Calicut. Sritharan, R., Jacob, V.J. and Balasubramanian, S. (1994) Thin layer chromatographic analysis of essential oils from Cinnamomum species. J. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 2(2), 49–63. Sthapit, V.M. and Tuladhar, P.M. (1993) Sugandha Kokila, C. cecidodaphne oil. J. Herbs, Spices and Med. Plants, 1(4), 31–35. Wijesekera. R.O.B. and Jayewardene, A.L. (1994) Essential Oils. III. Chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the bark of a rare variety of cinnamon. J. Natn. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka, 2, 141–146. Xiang Dong, L., Wang Yi, L. and Niu Ching, I. (1996) Purification of a new ribosomeinactivating protein from the seeds of Cinnamomum porrectum and characterization of the RNA N-Glycocidase activity of the toxic protein. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 377, 825–831. Xue-Jian, Y. and Bi-qiang, C. (1987) Study on the chemical constituents from the essential oil of Cinnamomum tenuipilis Kosterm. Acta Bot. Sinica, 29, 537–540.
Index air layering 62, 125 analytical methodology 81 anatomy 22 bark 34 floral 46 leaf 23 petiole 32 wood 43 bark anatomy 34 bark oils 137 composition see under various species extraction 136–9 bark regeneration 41 biosynthesis cinnamic aldehyde 93 eugenol 94 phenylpropanoids 91 sesquiterpenoids 97 terpenoids 95 biosystematics 54 botany 14 anatomy see anatomy biosystematics and inter-relationship 54 breeding behaviour 44 chemotaxonomy 55 cytology 59 embryology 48 carpel 49 embryo 50 embryo sac 50 endosperm 51 ontogeny 49 ovule 49 floral anatomy 46 floral biology 44 floral morphology 44 foliar epidermal characters 27 cell inclusions 32 epidermis 27 stomata 30 stomatogenesis 31 venation pattern 27 fruit and seed 52 cassia buds 53 leaf anatomy 23–4 leaf morphology 22 oil and mucilage cells 25–8 petiole anatomy 32 physiology 65 propagation 59 micropropagation 63 tissue culture 65 vegetative 61 taxonomy C. burmannii see Indonesian cassia C. camphora see camphor C. cassia see Chinese cassia C. tamala see Indian cassia C. verum see cinnamon wood anatomy 43 camphor 21, 228 preparation 235 synthetic 233 camphor tree 228 Chinese camphor industry 221 composition 224 acids 224 alcohols 225 aldehydes 224 diterpenes 225 ketones and oxides 225 phenols and phenol ethers 225 sesquiterpenes 225 terpenes 225 cultivation in other countries 228 distillation 217 ecology 214 harvesting 216 husbandry 214 Japanese camphor industry 216 oil composition 224 distillation 217 fractionated camphor oil 223
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Page 324 and 325: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
Page 352 and 353: cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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