The genus Cinnamomum

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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon and Cassia 309 The global demand for cinnamon is expected to be around 102,616 t by 2004–05 (Table 12.21). Supply Table 12.21 The forecasted world production and export of cinnamon (canella) up to 2005–06 Year Production Export/demand 1999–2000 134,417.36 88,358.05 2000–01 137,312.09 91,209.80 2001–02 140,206.81 94,061.55 2002–03 143,101.53 96,913.30 2003–04 145,996.26 99,765.05 2004–05 148,890.98 10,2616.80 Source: Based on FAO Data. The opposite considerations apply to supply. Here, Indonesia holds the key. Its ability to regulate supply of cassia is likely to dictate the price internationally. Indonesia’s management of this issue may be influenced by the proximity of the energetic entrepot Singapore. New exporters of cassia must also be conscious of China and now Vietnam and the speed at which they are expanding production level. Total world production of cinnamon is growing at the rate of 5.6% per annum, which is more than the world population growth rate. Thus, the anticipated supply in the form of increased production is expected to be a positive one. The fitted equation based on the selected model is: S t 0.987Y t 0.013S t1 Accordingly the projected world supply in the form of production increase up to 2004–05 will be as shown in the Table 12.21. The expected supply (production) by the year 2005–06 will be around 148,890 t. As can be seen from the fitted equation, where is nearer to one, recent developments have more impact on the future supply. As concluded by Vinning (1990) the combination of the above two calculations of supply and demand suggest that within the overall pessimistic outlook the prospects for cassia is better than for cinnamon in the years to come. References Anonymous (1995) Cassia (Cinnamon) – A Modern Herbal Home Page. Eletronic Newsletter. Anonymous (accessed in December 2001) Cassia. http://herbal-tonics.com/pc-ingr.html/. Anonymous (accessed in December 2001) http://www.mekonginfo.org/mrc-on/doclib.net/. Baruah, A. (2000) Cinnamomum verum Presl., the source of inevitable flavouring spicy bark – True Cinnamon. Spice India – Tree Spices Special, November, 2000, pp. 5–7.
310 M.S. Madan and S. Kannan Box, G.E.P. and Jenkins, G.M. (1976) Timeseries Analysis: Forecasting and Control. San Francisco Bay, USA. FAO (1995) Cinnamomum Oils (including cinnamon and cassia). In: Non-wood Forest Products for Rural Income and Sustainable Forestry. M-37, ISBN 92–5–103648–9. Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, Italy. FAO (2000) Spices. In. Definition and Classification of Commodities (Draft). http://www.fao. org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdefioe.htm. Grieve, M. (1979) A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Holt, C.C. (1957) Forecasting seasonals and trends by exponential weighted moving averages. ONR Research Memorandum, Carnige Institute, 52. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT (1982) Spices: a survey of the world market. Geneva, 1982. 2 vols. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT (1996) The Global Spice Trade and the Uruguay Round agreements Geneva: ITC/CS, 1996, xi, 99p. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO, (1998) Market Research File on Spices: Overview of the European Union, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Russian Federation. M.DPMD/98/0103/Rev.1, 83p. International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO, (2000) Global Spice Markets – Imports 1994–98, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. Leung, A.Y. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Madan, M.S. (2001) The Sensational tree bark: a commercial outlook. Spice India (Tamil). Vol. 14, No. 1, January, 2001. Ratwatte, Fl. (1991) The Spice of life: cinnamon and Ceylon. http://www.Infolanka.org. Rema, J. and Krishnamoorthy, B. (1999). Commercial exploitation of Chinese Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia). Indian Spices, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 2–4. Spices Board (1988) Report on the Domestic Survey of Spices (Part – 1). Spices Board, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Cochin-18. Spices Board (1990) Production and import of tree spices. In: Status Paper on Spices. Spices Board, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Cochin-18. Spices Board (1992) Report of the forum for encouraging export of spices. Spices Board, Cochin-18. United States Department of Agriculture/Foreign Agricultural Service (1998) Tropical Products: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series, FTROP 1–98, March, 1998. United States Department of Agriculture/Foreign Agricultural Service (1999). Tropical Products: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series, FTROP 1–99, March, 1999. Vinning, G. (1990) Marketing Perspectives on a Potential Pacific Spice Industry. ACIAR Technical Reports No. 15, 60pp.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 276 and 277: 11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 310 and 311: Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
Page 312 and 313: Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
Page 316 and 317: Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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