The genus Cinnamomum

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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radially 1–3 cells wide, radially 1–3 cells wide, radially 2–4 cells wide, radially ray cells arranged, wider near the elongated elongated, contain numerous elongated, filled with starch pericycle and narrow raphides of calcium oxalate grains, raphides of calcium towards the periphery, filled oxalate and a brownish with starch grains and substance raphides of calcium oxalate (l) Powder Light brown or yellowish Greyish to light brownish Dark brown to chocolate Deep brown to chocolate brown in colour, odour with camphoraceous odour. brown, odour fragrant, taste brown, odour aromatic, taste fragrant, taste warm, sweet, Taste aromatic and aromatic and mucilaginous. astringent and slightly pungent and aromatic. camphoraceous. Characterised by the presence pungent. Characterised by Characterised by the presence Characterised by the of cork cells, cortical cells, the presence of cork cells, of cortical cells with starch presence of stone cells, secretory cells containing oil, cortical cells with or without grains and small acicular cortical and phloem fibres, medullary ray cells with or starch grains and acicular crystals of calcium oxalate, oil and mucilaginous cells, without acicular crystals of and few prismatic crystals of pericyclic and phloem fibres, cortical cells and acicular calcium oxalate calcium oxalate. Normal as acicular and a few prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate well as half stone cells, crystals of calcium oxalate mucilaginous cells, cortical and pholem fibres Source: Chaudhuri and Kayal, 1971.
40 P.N. Ravindran et al. f sc st 1 2 cpr cse 4 5 6 7 8 9 f oc st muc mr ph bf thick walled and lignified with small uneven lumen, having inconspicuous slit shaped pits; (iii) starch grains present abundantly, found scattered, small, simple or compound; (iv) thin-walled oil cells, large ovoid and usually occur singly; (v) thin-walled parenchyma and medullary rays of the phloem, the medullary ray cells contain acicular crystals of calcium oxalate; and (vi) the presence of cork cells, thin-walled and polygonal in surface 3 500 µm Figure 2.9a Cinnamon bark – diagrams illustrating the transverse sections of commercial grades of Sri Lankan Cinnamon. 1 – Alba; 2 – Continental 5 – special; 3 – Continental 5; 4 – Continental 4; 5 – Mexican 5; 6 – Mexican 4; 7 – Hamburg 1 (thin bark); 8 – Hamburg 1 (thick); 9 – Hamburg 2. bf – phloem fibre, cpr – primary cortex, cse – secondary cortex, f – fibre, mr – medullary ray, muc – mucilage cell, oc – oil cell, ph – phloem, sc – selereid, st – stone cell. (Source: Namba et al., 1987.) sc st oc
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 6: This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
Page 9 and 10: viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
Page 11 and 12: x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
Page 13 and 14: xii Preface to the series compounds
Page 15 and 16: xiv Preface When we approached the
Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
Page 20 and 21: French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 34 and 35: (a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 38 and 39: Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 46 and 47: 1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51: 1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 60 and 61: 1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63: (a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65: 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 78 and 79: viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 82 and 83: Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 89
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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