The genus Cinnamomum

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location 90 physico-chemical properties 222 properties 233 uses 233 yield 218 processing 216 propagation 214 properties 233 sub-specific division 213 synthetic camphor 233 Taiwan camphor industry 219 Taiwan camphor trees 220 taxonomy 211 uses 233 Canella alba 351 cassia 9, 10, 14, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 71, 80, 81, 107 biosystematics 54 cassia buds 53 chemistry 80 analytical methodology 81 secondary metabolites 107 chemotaxonomy 55 interrelationship 54 oil 11, 168 composition 171, 172, 175, 176 safety data 151 propagation 59 micropropagation 63 vegetative 61 cell inclusions 32 chemical composition 115, 204 chemistry 80, 193 analytical methods 81 biosynthesis cinnamic aldehyde 93 eugenol 94 phenylpropanoids 91 sesquiterpenoids 97 terpenoids 95 component structures 112–15 GLC 81 HPLC 88 IR 89 location of volatiles 90 mass spectrometric studies 97 oil camphor tree 228 Chinese cassia 168–74 cinnamon 80–120 composition 82, 115 Indian cassia 204–6 Indonesian cassia 193–6 other species 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 343, 345, 347, 348 secondary metabolites 107 chemotaxonomy 55 Chinese cassia 16, 19, 71, 156 bark 174 biological effects 174 properties 174 diseases and pests 167 ecology 158 economic value 166 end use 323 industry 324 medicine 323 spice 323 harvesting 162 handling after harvest 163 improvement 71 international trade 164 adulteration and substitute 165 yield 165 oil 168 composition 168 physiochemical properties 168 production 166 planting and husbandry 159 cassia forest 161 protection and management 162 production 164 Ramulus cinnamomi 179 uses 179 chips 135, 142 cinnamic aldehyde 93 Cinnamomum 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60 chemical variability 56 chemovar 56–9 cytology 59 nomenclature 15 taxonomy 16 C. angustifolium 330 C. appelianum 58 C. aromaticum 17 C. bejolghota 56, 330 C. bodinieri 58 C. burmannii 19, 185 C. camphora see camphor C. capparu-coronde 332 C. cassia see cassia C. cecidodaphne 56, 333 C. citriodorum 334 C. cordatum 335 C. culitlawan 56, 335 C. daphnoides 6 C. deschampsii 337 C. glanduliferum 56, 337 C. glaucescens 337 C. impressinervium 203, 338 C. japonicum 338 C. kanahirai 339 C. kiamis 57 Index 357
358 Index C. longepaniculatum 58 C. loureirii 57 C. macrocarpum 31 C. malabatrum 31, 341 C. nicolsonianum 351 C. oliverii 351 C. osmophloem 342 C. parthenoxylon 57, 58, 344 C. pauciflorum 58, 344 C. pedunculatum 57 C. perpetuoflorens 15 C. perrottettii 31 C. platiphyllum 58 C. porrectum 342 C. riparium 31 C. septentrionale 58 C. sieboldii 60 C. sintok 57 C. sulphuratum 57, 203, 345 C. tamala 20, 57, 199 C. tenuipilis 346 C. verum see cinnamon C. wightii 346 C. wilsonii 58 C. zeylanicum see cinnamon cinnamon anatomy 22 bark anatomy 34 bark regeneration 41 biosynthesis cinnamic aldehyde 93 eugenol 94 phenylpropanoids 91 sesquiterpenoids 97 terpenoids 95 biosystematics 54 botany 14 breeding behaviour 44 cell inclusions 32 chemistry 80 analytical methodology 81 volatile oil 82–103 see also oil, essential chemotaxonomy 55 composition 115 crop improvement 14, 66 genetic resources 66 variability and association 68 varieties 66 cultivation 121 field planting 123, 125 propagation 123 cytology 59 development of mucilage cells 25 development of oil cells 25 economics and marketing 285 cinnamon oil 303 demand 308 export 296 market 290 price analysis 300 price formation 300 supply 309 trade and commerce 289 embryology 48 embryo 50 embryo sac 50 endosperm 51 ontogeny of carpel 49 ovule 49 epidermis 27 floral anatomy 46 floral biology 44 floral morphology 44 foliar epidermal character 27 fruit 52 future vision 327 history, early 1 modern 7 interrelationship 54 leaf anatomy 22 leaf morphology 23 less known taxa 349 C. macrocarpum 350 C. nicolsonianum 351 C. oliverii 351 Cinnamomum sp. from China 350 Cinnamomum sp. from Vietnam 350 high saffrole containing taxa 349 white cinnamon 351 management 121 bark oils 137 chips 135 cinnamon oils 136 cleanliness specifications 153 diseases 127, 128 extraction and processing of bark 131 featherings 134 fertilizer application 126 harvesting 128 leaf oils 139 maintenance 126 oleoresin 140 pests 127 pharmaceutical preparations 141 processing 128, 131 products 132 quality assessment 128 quillings 132 replanting 127 standards and specifications 141 storage and transport conditions 151 supercritical fluid extraction of cinnamon 139 training of plants and pruning 127 types 146
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
Page 324 and 325: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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Page 346 and 347: Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
Page 352 and 353: cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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