The genus Cinnamomum

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cloves. Leaves measure 3–12 1.5–4 cm, lanceolate or oval to subovate to lanceolate, gradually tapered, obtuse or shortly accuminate, base cuneate, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, smooth and glossy. Leaves are pinnately veined, midrib slender, prominent on both surfaces, lateral veins four to eight pairs, scarcely visible above, obscurely visible beneath, two subbasal veins at times reaching one-third of the length of lamina. Panicles 8–10 cm long, axillary on long peduncle. Flowers greenish-white, sericeous, tube short, tepals 3 mm long, narrowly ovate, obtuse, sericeous within; stamens 2 mm long, anthers of the outer two whorls narrowly ovate, sub-acute, upper cells very small; inner anthers two-celled, extrorse, basal glands large, sessile. Staminodes smaller than stamens, sagitate, acute; ovary sub-globose, with very short style and small subpeltate stigma. Infructescence up to 10 cm long, fruit 12 7 mm; ellipsoid or ovate-ellipsoid; cup hemispherical, up to 7 mm diameter, rim entire (Dassanayake et al., 1995). The major constituent of bark oil is cinnamaldehyde, while that of leaf oil is citronellal (Sritharan et al., 1994). This citronellal imparts a distinctive lemongrass odour to the leaves of this species. C. cordatum Kosterm. It is a shrub (or a small tree) of about 4–6 m in height. This species is common to Malaysia and is abundantly found in the forests of Perakand and Pahang states. The leaves are opposite, triplinerved. This species does not have any commercial uses, but is used in traditional medicine mainly to reduce pain. Jantan et al. (2002) analysed the oil of this species. It contains about 0.8% leaf oil and 0.7% bark oil. The oil analysis by GC-MS revealed 55 components, out of which 43 representing 96.5% of the oil were identified by the authors (Table 15.5). Monoterpinoids and phenylpropanoids constituted 53.8% and 21.6% of the oil, respectively. The major constituents of leaf oil were linalool (17.3%) and (E)-methyl cinnamate (17.1%). The bark oil was made up almost entirely of methyl euginol (92.1%). It is an uncommon constituent in Cinnamomum, and was earlier reported only from C. partheroxylon and C. rigidissimum. C. culitlawan (L.) J S Presl Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum 335 C. culitlawan Presl, Priroz. Rostlin 2, 36, 1925., Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind., II stuk: 571, 1826; Rumphia 1, 26, t.9, fig.1, 1836; Th. Nees and Ebermayer, Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. z: 429, 1831; C.G. Nees in flora 15(2): 587, 601 et 602, 1831; Syst. Laur. 71 et 668, 1836 (see Kostermans 1964). (Syn. C. culilaban (L.) J.S. Presl; C. culitlawan (Roxb.) J.S. Presl.; C. culitlawan Bl., Laurus culitlawan L.) This species is found in the Indonesian Islands (Moluccas, Amboina and adjacent Islands). It is a small to medium sized tree with slender branchlets. Leaves opposite, petiole up to 1 cm long; blade lanceolate – oblong to ovate-elliptical, coriaceous, glabrous; size 9–12 cm 2.5–4.5 cm. Inflorescence is an axillary panicle, 6 cm long, few flowered. Flowers are densely pilose. The bark has the smell of clove (and is hence known as kulitlawang in the Indonesian language). It is used as a spice locally. The bark as well as its oil (lawang oil) are used medicinally as a constipating agent and in the treatment of cholera. The root bark has the flavour of fennel and has been used as a substitute for sassafras bark, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (Dao et al., 1999).
Table 15.5 Composition of essential oils of C. cordatum Compound Leaf oil (%) Bark oil (%) -Thujene 0.2 -Pinene 1.7 Sabinine 1.3 -Pinene 1.1 Myrcene 1.2 -Phellandrene 2.6 -Terpinine 0.6 P-Cymene 1.5 -Phellandrene 9.0 Limonene 2.4 -Terpinene 1.5 Terpinolene 0.5 Linallol 17.3 1.8 Camphor 0.4 Citronellal 0.3 Terpinen 4.ol 7.0 -Terpineol 3.6 0.2 Phellandrene epoxide 0.4 cis-Piperitol 0.2 Nerol 0.2 Geraniol 0.8 Safrole 0.1 1.1 Ethyl-26 Xylenol 0.1 -Elemene 0.2 (E)-methyl cinnamate 17.1 Methyl eugenol 4.4 92.1 -Caryophyllene 0.3 Aromadendrene 0.3 -Humulene 0.2 Allo Aromadendrene 0.1 (E)-Methyl isoeugenol – 0.1 -Muurolene 0.2 -Elemene 0.2 -Cadinene 0.1 Calamenene 0.1 -Cadinene 0.9 Elemicin 2.5 (Z)-nerilidol 0.7 Caryophyllene alcohol 0.3 Spathulenol 1.6 Caryophyllene oxide 0.2 Globulol 1.6 Viridiflorol 1.4 -Eudismol 0.5 -Eudismol 0.3 Benzyl benzoate 7.6 Benzyl salicylate 4.7 Hexadecanoic acid 0.1 Total 96.5 98.4 Source: Jantan et al., 2002.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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