The genus Cinnamomum

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mass spectrometric studies 97 extraction 138, 139 oil see oil, essential oil, cinnamon see oil, essential other useful species see <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> pests and diseases 239 major diseases 250 major insect pests 239 management 247 minor diseases 252 minor insect pests 247 petiole anatomy 32 pharmacology 260 action on cardiovascular system 261 analgesic actions 260 antiallergenic activity 266 antibacterial activity 268 anticancer activity 267 anticonvulsant effect 264 antifungal activity 272 anti-inflammatory actions 261 antimicrobial activity 268 antioxidant action 263 antipyretic actions 260 antiulcerogenic effects 264 diaphoretic actions 260 hypocholestrolemic action 262 hypoglycemic activity 261 immunological effects 265 insecticidal activity 275 metabolic studies 267 safety data for cassia leaf oil 151 sedative effect 264 therapeutic uses 278 toxicology 277 physiology 65 present scenario 10 propagation 59, 123 micropropagation 63 vegetative 61 properties see uses research and development 9 secondary metabolites 107 seed 52 soil and climate 121 Sri Lankan cinnamon 14 standards and specifications 141 stomata 30 stomatogenesis 31 terminology 2 true cinnamon 14 uses 311 antimicrobial agent 319 antioxidant 321 cooking 316 home remedies 321 medicine 318 perfumes and beauty care 319 spice 311 suitability pattern 316 synergistic and suppressive effects 314 varieties 122 venation 27 volatiles 90 wood anatomy 43 cinnamon powder 147, 149, 150 Cinnamosma C. fragrans 3, 5 Cinnamon fern 3 Cinnamon rose 3 Cinnamon vine 3 Cinnamon wattle 3 classical methods 81 cleanliness specifications 153 climate 121 coefficient of variation 71 crop improvement 14, 66 Chinese cassia 71 genetic resources 66 path analysis 70 variability and association 68 varieties 66 cultivation and management 121 cultivation and processing 204 cytology 59 development of mucilage cells 25 development of oil 25 direct sowing 124 diseases 127, 128, 192 distillation of oil 137, 139 see also oil, essential ecology 158, 214 economics and marketing 286 area and production 285 future vision 327 trade and commerce 289 cassia oils 303 demand 308 export 296 market 290 price analysis 300 price formation 300 supply 309 embryo 50 embryo sac 50 embryology 48 end uses see uses endosperm 51 epidermis 27 extraction of bark 131 featherings 134 field planting 123 floral anatomy 46 Index 359
360 Index floral biology 44 floral morphology 44 foliar epidermal characters 27 fruit 52 gall forming mites 128 genetic resources 66 GLC 81 grades 143 growth and yield parameters 68 harvesting 128, 162, 189, 216 history 1, 7 HPLC 88 husbandry 159, 214 Indian cassia 20, 199 C. tamala type 1 200 type 2 201 type 3 201 type 4 202 chemical composition 204 cultivation and processing 204 end uses 208 other species 203 Indian standard 142 Indonesian cassia 19, 185 chemistry 193 diseases 192 habit 185 harvesting 189 pests 192 post-harvest handling 189 production 186 nursery and planting 187 soil conservation 195 Indonesian cinnamon 185 instrumental techniques 81 international standard 145 interrelationships 54 intra-specific chemical variability 56 introduction 1 IR 89 Java cassia 19 jumping plant louse 128 karyotype 60 Laurus cinnamomum 15 Laurus malabatrum 15 layering 63 leaf anatomy 22 leaf morphology 23 leaf oils 139 composition see under different species extraction 119 specifications 141 standards 141 leaf spot 128 marking 144, 150 mass spectrometric studies 97 micropropagation 63 nomenclature 15 nursery and planting 187 nursery method 124 oil, essential bark oil 87, 98, 116, 119 biosynthesis 54, 91–7 camphor 217 cassia, Chinese 168 cassia, Indian 204 cassia, Indonesian 195 cinnamon 82–91 composition see under cinnamon, cassia and camphor tree distillation 136–9 flower oil 99, 102 fruit oil 98, 102, 119 leaf oil 87, 98, 116, 119 root oil 87, 98 safety data 151 structures, components 121–2 oleoresin 140 ontogeny of carpel 49 ovule 49 packing 144, 149 peeling 130 pest 127, 192 petiole anatomy 32 pharmaceutical preparations 141 pharmacology 260 action on cardiovascular system 261 analgesic actions 260 antiallergenic activity 266 antibacterial activity 268 anticancer activity 267 anticonvulsant effect 264 antifungal activity 272 anti-inflammatory actions 261 antimicrobial activity 268 antioxidant action 263 antipyretic actions 260 antiulcerogenic effects 264 diaphoretic actions 260 hypocholestrolemic action 262 hypoglycemic activity 261 immunological effects 265 insecticidal activity 275
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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