The genus Cinnamomum

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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of cinnamon against toxic fungi Organism Toxic effect Source Nature of activity Dose Reference Aspergillus flavus Hepatotoxic, Cereals, corn, Growth inhibition, Oil 1 mg/ml/, oil Masimango (1978) Misra et al. carcinogenic, peanuts, tree inhibition of myclelial at 3–8%/3000 (1987) Mishra et al. (1991) mutagenic, nuts, figs, sorghum growth ppm level teratogenic Aspergillus parasiticus Teratogenic Sorghum Growth inhibition, Not mentioned Valearcel et al. (1986) inhibition of myclelial growth Aspergillus species Growth inhibition, Not mentioned Montes-Balmont and inhibition of myclelial Carvagal (1998) growth Alternaria alternata Mutagenic, Cereals, grains, Growth inhibition 100 ppm in Kim Young Ho (1996) hemorrhagic tomato, animal agar plats feeds Fusarium graminearm Nurotoxic, Wheat, corn Growth inhibition Not mentioned Baruah et al. (1996) mutagenic Candida species Candidosis Airborn Growth inhibition 0.5–30 mg/ml Quale et al. (1996)
274 K.K. Vijayan and R.V. Ajithan Thampuran species of fungi and aflatoxin production by them are inhibited by cinnamon bark or cinnamon oil. Studies carried out in recent years have proved the advantages of using cinnamon as a fungistatic agent in stored cereals, pulses and other type of food articles including processed foods (see 13.2). It can be used as a preservative in fruit juice and fruit products at a wide range of pH conditions. Masimango et al. (1978) reported that cinnamon inhibited Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus species of fungi are usually grown on storage cereals and pulses and produces toxins like aflatoxin, which are highly poisonous and carcinogenic. Valearcel et al. (1986) in an in vitro study observed that cinnamon inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus at 1 mg/ml concentration. Misra et al. (1987) observed that cinnamon leaf oil exerted the fungitoxic effect on A. flavus and A. parasiticus at 3000 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively, and was not affected by temperature, autoclaving or storage. They attributed this activity to euginol, a minor constituent of cinnamon. Mishra et al. (1991) reported that the mycostatic effect was produced at a concentration of 4000 ppm and was as effective as many synthetic antifungal agents commonly employed, such as dithane M-45, thiovic, etc. Tiwari and Dixit (1994) studied the effect of cinnamon bark oil on the storage fungi A. flavus and A. niger and found that it was effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth at a MIC of 400 ppm. Tiwari et al. (1994) found that at the concentration of 400 ppm, cinnamon oil completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris oryzae, Chaetomium hispanicum, Cladosporium spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma spp., Rhizopus arrhizus., Thelavia terricola, and Trichoderma spp. Mukherjee and Nandi (1994) investigated the fungistatic effect of cinnamon oil on poultry feed. Poultry feed starter mash was treated with 0.1 and 0.2% w/v of cinnamon oil and stored for 30 days. In treated feeds the fungal population decreased with the length of storage compared to untreated feeds. The fungal contamination was due mainly to A. flavus, A. niger, A. candidus, A. fumigatus and Rhizopus nigricans. The optimal quality of cinnamon oil to protect stored maize from fungal growth was assessed by Montes-Belmont and Carvajal (1998) who found that 3 to 8% of the oil gave protection. No phytotoxic effect on germination and corn growth was observed. Studies on the wood-destroying fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coriolus versicolor, and Botryodiploidea theobromeae by agar diffusion technique by Jantan et al. (1994) indicated that cinnamon was very effective, exhibiting an ED 50 of 60.3 g/ml for C. versicolor, 58.8 g/ml for G. trabeum and 48.0 g/ml for B. theobromeae. Baruah et al. (1996) investigated the antifungal action against Fusarium moniliforme, a postharvest fungal pathogen of cereal crops, and observed that it completely inhibited the fungal growth. Wilson et al. (1997) tested cinnamon on Botrytis cinerea and observed that cinnamon oil was very effective against this plant pathogen. The bark extract of C. loureirii was investigated for antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, a plant pathogen. The ether fraction of the extract was found to be highly active. A visible inhibition zone was caused by a 1000-fold dilution of the extract and the activity was comparable to polyoxin. Further investigation revealed that cinnamaldehyde was the most active component (Ho et al., 1996). Cinnamon bark oil is a potent fungitoxicant against fungi causing respiratory tract mycoses. Singh et al. (1995) studied in vitro the effect of the oil on A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. flavus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis and Histoplasma capsulatum and determined the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIC),
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 325
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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