The genus Cinnamomum

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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of cinnamon and derived compounds on toxigenic foodborne bacteria Microorganism Toxic effect Sources Nature of activity Dose Reference Clostridium bolulinum Botulism intoxication Meat, sausage, Growth and germination 150–200 ppm Hall and Maurer (1986) caused by toxin – canned foods etc. inhibition/bactericidal of extract/oil Ismail and Pierson (1990) paralysis and death Iyangar et al. (1994) Clostridium perfringens Clostridial Meat and meat Bacteriostatic 0.5 mg/disk Lee and Ahn (1998) myonecrosis/ products (paper disk gasgangrene method) Bacillus cereas Food poisoning Grains, vegetable, Bactericidal Not mentioned De et al. (1999) dairy products Bacillus subtilis Allergic reactions Cereal foods Bactericidal Not mentioned De et al. (1999) Campylobacter jejuni Gastroentritis, bloody Chicken and Bacteriostatic 0.075% oil Smith-Palmer et al. (1998) diarrhea with milk products abdominal pain and fever Enterobacter cloacae Opportunistic Dairy products Bacteriostatic & Qualitative Chao et al. (2000) pathogen causes Soil, water sewage Bactericidal intestinal disease & Intestinal tract Bactericidal diarrhea. Also causes neonatal meningitis, urinary tract infections
Table 11.1 (Continued) Microorganism Toxic effect Sources Nature of activity Dose Reference Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis, Several strains, Bacteriostatic & 0.075% oil Smith-Palmer et al. (1998) enterocolitis intestinal bacteria Bactericidal qualitative De et al. (1999) contaminated food fish, meat, poultry Listeria monocytotogens Listerosis, affects Dairy products, Bacteriostatic 0.075% oil Smith-Palmer et al. (1998) nervous system sausage, cabbage, raw vegetables Salmonella enteritids Gastroenteritis Dairy products, meat, Bacteriostatic 0.075% oil Smith-Palmer et al. (1998) meningitis, fish, canned foods, salmonellosis poultry, etc. Yersinia enterocolitica Gastroenteritis Meat, dairy products Bacteriostatic 40% ethanol extract Bara and Venetti (1995) Staphylococcus aureus Food toxicity, Meat, poultry, fish, Bacteriostatic 0.075% G.I. Smith-Palmer et al. (1998) intestinal dairy products, raw inflammation; also vegetables, eggs, a causative agent cream of abscesses, skin lesion, pneumonia
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261: Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 310 and 311: Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
Page 312 and 313: Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
Page 316 and 317: Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
Page 318 and 319: Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
Page 332 and 333: End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 321
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 325
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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