The genus Cinnamomum

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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., Handa, K.L. and Kapur, L.D. (1958). Indigenous Drugs of India. U. N. Dhur & Sons, Calcutta, pp.120–129. Curtin, L.S.M. (1947) Healing Herbs of the Upper Rio Grande. Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 28 pp. Dung, N.X., Khien, P.V., Chien, H.T. and Leclercq, P.A. (1993) The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb. var. linaloolifera from Vietnam. J. Essential Oil Res., 5, 451–453. Dymock, W., Wardan, C.J.H. and Hooper, D. (1890) Pharmacographia India Part III, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta (Reprint). Fujita, Y. (1967) Classification and phylogeny of the genus Cinnamomum in relation to the constituent essential oils. Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 80, 261–271. Fujita, Y., Fujita, S. and Nishida, S. (1973) On the components of young and old shoot oils of Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. var. linaloolifera. Nippon Nogei kagaku kaishi, 47, 403–405. Furia, T.E. and Bellanca, N. (1971) Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavour ingredients. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Gildmeister and Hoffmann (1925) Quoted from Hiraizumi (1950). Guenther, E. (1950) The Essential Oils Vol. 4, D. Var Hatrand Co., New York. Gulati, B.C. (1982) Essential oils of Cinnamomum species. In C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur (ed.), Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. RRL, Jammu-Tabi, pp. 607–619. Hiraizumi, T. (1950) Oil of camphor. In E. Guenther. The Essential Oils, Vol. 4. Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., Florida, pp. 256–328. Hirota, M. (1951) In: Mem. Ehime Univ. Section-2, Sci., 1(2), 83–106 (cited from Kostermans, 1964). Hirota, M. (1953) In: Perf. & Essential Oil Rec., 44, 4–10 (cited from Kostermans, 1964). Hirota, N. (1956) Camphor and camphor oil production in Formosa before w.w.2. Perf. Ess. Oil Record., 47(1), 17–22. Hirota, N. and Hiroi, M. (1967) Later studies on the camphor tree, on the leaf oil of each practical form and its utilization. Perf. Essential Oil Record., 58(6), 364–367. Huang, L.-C., Huang, B.-L. and Murashige, T. (1998) A micropropagation protocol for Cinnamomum camphora. In vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Plant., 34, 141–146. Kimmins, J.P. (1987) Forest Ecology. Mac Millan Publ. Co., New York. Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1964). Bibliographia Lauracearum. Min. of Natural Resources, Djakarta, Indonesia. Manfred, L. (1947) 7000 Recetas Botanicas, a base de 1300 Plantas Medicinales Americanas. Editorial Kier, Buenos Ai res (quoted from Morton, 1977). Morton, J.F. (1977) Major Medicinal Plants: Botany Culture and Uses, Charles C. Thomas, Illinois, USA, pp. 103–107. Nirmal Babu, K., Ravindran, P.N. and Peter, K.V. (1997) Protocols for micropropagation of Spices and Aromatic Crops. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, Kerala, p. 35. Nirmal Babu, K., Sajina, A., Minoo, D., John, C.Z., Mini, P.M., Tushar, K.V., Rema, J. and Ravindran, P.N. (2003) Micropropagation of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora). Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 74, 179–183. Pelissier, Y., Marion, C., Prunac, S. and Bessiere, J.M. (1995) Volatile component of leaves, stems and barks of Cinnamomum camphora Nees et Ebermaier. J. Essential Oil Res., 7, 313–315. Pino, J.A. and Fuentes, V. (1998) Leaf oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L) J. Presl. from Cuba. J. Essential Oil Res., 10, 531–532. Roig. Y. and Mesa, J.T. (1945) Plantas, Medicinales, Aromaticas Venenosas de Cuba. Cultural S.A., Havana (quoted from Morton, 1977). Satoo, T. (1986) Materials for the studies of growth in stands. VII Primary production and distribution of produced dry matter in a plantation of Cinnamomum camphora. Bull. Tokyo Univ. For., 64, 241–275. Singh, R. and Negi, J.D.S. (1997) Biomass prediction and distribution of organic matter in natural Cinnamomum camphora stand. Indian Forester, 123, 1161–1170.
238 K. Nirmal Babu, P.N. Ravindran and M. Shylaja Tetenyi, P. (1974) Infraspecific Chemical Taxa of Medicinal Plants. Chemical Pub. Co, New York. Van Khien, P., Chien, H.T., Dung, N.X., Leclercq, A.X. and Leclercq, P.A. (1998). Chemical segregation of progeny of camphor trees with high camphor c.q. linalool content. J. Essent. Oil. Res., 10, 607–612. Wan-Yang, S., Wei, H., Guang-gu, W., Dexuam, G., Guang-yuan, L. and Yin-gou, L. (1989) Study on the chemical constituents of essential oil and classification of types from C. camphora. Acta Bot. Sinica, 31(3), 209–214. Watt, G. (1885) Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (1972 reprint), Periodical Experts, Delhi. Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (1962) Medicinal and Poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 2nd ed. E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh. Weiss, E.A. (1997) Essential Oil Crops. CAB International, U.K. Windadri, I.F. and Rahayu, B.S.S. (1999) Cinnamomum camphora (L) J.S. Presl. In I.P.A. Oyen and N.X. Dung (ed.) Plant Resources of South-East Asia, No. 19, Essential Oil Plants. Backhuys Pub., Leiden, pp. 74–78. Winters, H.I. (1950). Cited from Morton (1977). Wren, R.W. (1970) Potter’s New Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations 7th ed., Health Sci. Press, Rustington, England. Zhang-Bin, Xu-Liyong, Zhang-B. and Xu-Ly (2001) Extracting camphor wood oil from camphor tree seeds. J. Zhejiang-forestry coll., 18, 57–59. Zhu, I.F., Li, Y.H., Li, B.L., Lu, B.Y. and Xia, N.H. (1993). Aromatic Plants and their Essential Constituents. South China Inst. Bot., Chinese Acad. Sci., Peace Book Co., Hong Kong. Zhu, I.F., Ding, D. S. and Lawrence, B.M. (1994). The Cinnamomum species in China: resources for the present and future. Perfum. Flavour, 17, 17–22.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205: propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209: Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215: Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241: Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
Page 248 and 249: Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
Page 260 and 261: Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
Page 276 and 277: 11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 286 and 287: Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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