The genus Cinnamomum

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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 325 Heda, S., Yamashita, H., Nakagima, M. and Kuwahara, S. (1982) Nippon Shokuhin kogyo Gakkaishi, 29. III (cited from Hirasa and Takenasa 1998). Hitokoto, H., Morozumi, S., Wauke, T., Sakai, S. and Kurata, H. (1980) Appl. Environ. Microb., 39, 818. Cited from Hirasa and Takemasa (1998). Hirasa, K. and Takemasa, M. (1998) Spices Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York. Islam, S.N., Ahsan, M., Ferdous, A.J. and Faroque, A.B.M. (1990) In vitro antibacterial activities of commonly used spices. Bangladesh J. Botany, 19(1), 99–101. Ito, Y., Miura, H. and Miyarga, K. (1962) Gyoniku Sausage Kyoukaisi, 85. Cited from Hirasa and Takemasa (1998). Kakinuma, K., Koike, J., Kotani, K., Ikekawa, N., Kada, T. and Nomoto, M. (1984) Cinnamaldehyde: Identification of an antimutagen from a crude drug cinnamomi cortex. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 48(7), 1905–1906. Kanari, M., Tomoda, M., Gonda, R., Shimizu, N., Kimura, M., Kawaguchi, M. and Kawabe, C. (1989) A reticuloendothelial system activating arabinoxylan from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(12), 3191–3194. Kanerva, L., Estlander, T. and Jolanki, R. (1996) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis, 35(3), 157–162. Kikuchi, T., Hirai, K. and Sudarso, A.S. (1968). Eiyo to Shokuryo, 21: 253 (cited from Hirasa and Takemasa (1998). Mangiarotti, A.M., Del, F.G. and Caretta, G. (1990) Note on the action of some essential oils on fungi. Boletin Micologico, 5(2), 1–4. Maruzzella, J.C. and Lichtenstein, M.B. (1958) J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. ed., 47, 250. Cited from Hirasa and Takemasa (1998). Nadkarni, K.M. (1954) Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. Premavally, K.S., Majumdar, T.K. and Malini, S. (2000) Quality evaluation of traditional products. II. Garam masala and puliyodara mixmasala. Indian Spices, 37(2), 10–13. Premavally, K.S., Majumdar, T.K. and Leela, R.K. (2001) Quality evaluation of spice mixtures for non-vegetarian dishes. Beverage & Food World, 28(2), 33–35. Saito, Y., Kimura, Y. and Sakamoto, T. (1976). Eiyo to Syokurya, 29, 505. Cited from Hirasa and Takemasa (1998). Sakamoto, S., Kudo, H., Kawasaki, T., Kuwa, K., Kasahara, W., Sassa, S. and Okamoto, R. (1988) Effects of a Chinese herbal medicine, Keishi-bukuryogan, on the gonadal system of rats. J. Ethnopharm., 23(2–3), 151–158. Satyavati, G.V., Raina, M.K. and Sharma, M. (eds) Cinnamom (Lauraceae) (1976) Medicinal Plants of India. Vol. 1., ICMR, New Delhi, pp. 232–235. Senanayake, U.M., Lee, T.H. and Wills, R.B.H. (1978) Volatile constituents of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 26(4), 822–824. Senanayake, U.M. and Wijesekera, R.O.R. (1989) Volatiles of the Cinnamomum species. Proc. 11th International Congress Essential Oils, Fragrances and Flavours, New Delhi, November, 1989. Sharma, A., Ghanekar, A.S., Desai, P.S.R. and Nadkarni, G.B. (1984) Microbiological status and antifungal properties of irradiated spices. J. Agric. Food Chem., 32(5), 1061–1063. Stoltz, C. (1998) Sepicontrol A5. SEPIC Newsletter, pp. 152–156. Sugaya, E., Ishiga, A., Sekiguchi, K., Yuzurihara, T., Iizuka, S., Sugimoto, A., Takeda, S., Wakui, Y., Ishihara, K. and Aburada, M. (1991). Protective effects of TJ 960 herbal mixture on hippocampal neuron damage induced by cobalt focus in the cerebral cortex of rats. J. Ethnopharm., 34(1), 13–19. Tainter, D.R. and Grenis, A.T. (1993) Spices and Seasonings, VCH Pub. Inc., USA. Tanaka, S., Yoon, Y., Fukui, H., Tabeta, M., Akira, T., Okana, K., Iwani, M., Iya, Y. and Yokoyama, K. (1989) Anti ulcerogenic compounds isolated from chinese cinnamon. Planta Medica, 55(3), 245–248.
326 B. Krishnamoorthy and J. Rema Toda, S., Ohnishi, M. and Kimura, M. (1989) Actions of Chinese herbal medicines Keishibukuryo-gan and Tougakujyouki – to on the hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of mouse erythrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide. J. Ethnopharm., 27(1–2), 221–225. Ubl, S.R. (2000) Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavorings. Technomic Pub., USA. Wagner, H., Wierer, M. and Bauer, R. (1986) In vitro inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by essential oils and phenolic compounds. Planta Medica, 3, 183–187. Warrier, P.K., Nambiar, V.P.K. and Ramankutty, C. (1994) Indian Medicinal Plants A Compendium of 500 Species (Vol. II). Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, India. Watt, G. (1872). Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. (Vol. II), Periodical Experts, New Delhi, India. Yazaki, K. and Okuda, T. (1990) Condensed tannin production in callus and suspension cultures of Cinnamomum cassia. Phytochem., 29(5), 1559–1562.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Page 310 and 311: Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
Page 346 and 347: Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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