The genus Cinnamomum

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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinnamon and Cassia 17 Figure 2.1 (a) A cinnamon tree – about five years old with fruits and flowers. (b) A close view of a flowering branch. (c) A twig with inflorescence. Commun. For. Res. Inst. Bogor, 57: 24, 1957; in Reinwardtia r: 216, 1956; Chopra et al., Gloss. Ind. Med. Pl. 65, 1956; Wood, in J. Arnold Arb. 39: 335, 1958; Kostermans, Bib. Lau., 276, 1964. Syn. C. aromaticum Nees. Nees, in Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. 2: 74, 1831; in Flora 15 (2): 585, 1831; Syst. Laur, 52, 1836; Nees & Ebermayer, Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot., 526, 1832; Lindley, F1. Med. 330, 1838; Wight, Icon. 136, 1839. Laurus cassia Wight in Madras J.Lit. & Sci. 9: 130–135, 1839. Presl., Wseobecny, Rostalinopsis, 2:1302, 1846; Miquel, F1. Ind. Bat. 1(1): 896, 1858; Meissner, in Dc: Prodr. 15(1): 12, 1864; Balfour, timber Trees & For. India & E Asia, ed. 3: 74, 1870; Lukmanoff, Nomencl. Icon. Canell. Comphr. 11, 1889, Kostermans, Bib. Lau, 253, 1964. C. cassia is a native of China and Vietnam, being cultivated in those regions as well as in the Malayan Archipelago and the north-eastern Himalayan region. It is a small tree, the bark of which forms the cassia bark or Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon. Leaves are opposite, glabrous above, minutely hairy below, hairs microscopic, oblonglanceolate, three-ribbed from about 5 mm above the base, side veins ascending to the apex, exstipulate. The length/breadth value is 4.26. Inflorescence is axillary panicle (panicled cyme), exceeding the leaves, many flowered, peduncle long, flowers with long pedicel and minutely hairy. Floral characteristics are similar to those of C. verum. Fruit is an ovoid one-seeded berry, seated in an enlarged perianth cup with truncate perianth lobes. Flowering from October to December (see also Chapter 6). (b)
18 P.N. Ravindran et al. 10 10′ 5 4 6 6′ 6″ 9 9′ 9″ 7 7′ 7″ Nomenclatural notes 11 2 1 8 8′ 8″ Berchthold & Presl were the first to describe C. cassia (Priroz. Rostlin 2:36 ct 44–45, 1825) followed by Blume (Pl. Ned. Ind., 11, 570, 1826). Nees described the same species under C. aromaticum Nees, (in Wallich, Pl. As. rar. 2: 74, 1831., in Flora 15(2): 585, 1831) and this name became popular with the publication of Systema Lauracearum in 1836. But C. cassia precedes C. aromaticum. Hence the correct name for Chinese cassia should be C. cassia (Linn.) Bercht. & Presl. The original description by Linneaus was under Laurus cassia L. (Sp.pl.528). Later it was included under Cinnamomum, retaining the species epithet that Linneaus used. For a complete listing of nomenclature and synonyms see Kostermans (1964). This is known as Kwei or Kui in China and as cassia lignea on the European market. All of the plant parts are aromatic, though only its leaves and bark are exploited commercially. The essential constituent of bark and leaf oil is cinnamaldehyde. Under 2′ Figure 2.2 General characteristics of C. verum. 1 – Flowering branch (right hand leaf lower surface, left hand one upper surface). 2 – Base of the upper leaf surface, upper side of the petiole glabrous, grooved; 2 – Base of lower leaf surface. 3 – Flowers in cymes. 4 – Flower and 4 – flower in sectional view. 4 – outside pilosity of flower. 5 – Interior tepal, inside hairy and punctulate; 5 – outer tepal. 6, 6, 6 – Stamens of whorl 1. 7, 7, 7 – Stamens of whorl 2. 8, 8, 8 – Stamens of whorl 3. 9, 9, 9 – Staminodes of whorl 4. 10 – Pistel; 10 – Pistel in L.S. 11 – Fruit (Adapted from Kostermans, 1983). 3 4′ 5′
Page 2 and 3: Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 4 and 5: Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
Page 6: This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
Page 9 and 10: viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
Page 11 and 12: x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
Page 13 and 14: xii Preface to the series compounds
Page 15 and 16: xiv Preface When we approached the
Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
Page 20 and 21: French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 38 and 39: Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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Page 48 and 49: Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51: 1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Page 56 and 57: (k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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