References Indian Cassia 209 Anonymous (1950) <strong>The</strong> Wealth of India, Raw Materials. Vol. II. CSIR Publication, New Delhi. Baruah, A. (2000) <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species associated with the livelihood of people in North-East India: A systematic census with emphasis to ethnobotany. Ph.D. <strong>The</strong>sis, Gauhati University, Assam. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (1997) Foliar epidermal characters in twelve species of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> Schaeffer (Lauraceae) from Northeastern India. Phytomorphology, 47, 127–134. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (1998) Diversity of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species in North-East India: A micromorphological study with emphasis to venation patterns. In: A.K. Goel, V.K. Jain and A.K. Nayak (ed.) Modern Trends in Biodiversity, Jaishree Prakashan, Muzaffarnagar, U.P., pp. 147–167. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C. and Boissya, C.L. (2000) Systematics and diversities of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species used as “tejpat” in Northeast India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot., 41, 361–374. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Sarma, T.C. (1997). Essential oils of leaf, stem bark and panicle of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> bejolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet. J.Essent. Oil Res., 9, 293–295. Baruah, A., Nath, S.C. and Leclark, P.A. (1999). Leaf and stem bark oils of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> sulphuratum Nees. From Northeast India. J. Essent. Oil Res., 11, 194–196. Baruah A., Nath, S.C. and Hazarika, A.K. (2001) Methyl cinnamate, the major component of the leaf and stem bark oils of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> sulphuratum Nees. Indian Perfumer, 45, 39–41. Bradu, B.L. and Sobti, S.N. (1988) <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala in North West Himalayas; evaluation of various chemical types for perfumery value. Indian Perfumer, 32, 334–340. Chatterjee, A. and Prakashi, S.C. (1991) <strong>The</strong> Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. 1. Publication & Information Directorate, New Delhi. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1956) Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi. Choudhury, S.N., Ahmed, R.Z., Borthel, A. and Leclark, P.A. (1998) Essential oil composition of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> bejolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet – A secondary muga (Antherara assama W/W) food plant from Assam, India. Sericologia, 38, 473–478. Chughtai, S.R., Dhmad, M.A., Khalid, N. and Mohamed, A.S. (1998) Genotoxicity testing of some spices in diploid yeast. Pakisthan J. Bot., 30, 33–38. Dubey, N.K., Yadav, P., Joshy, V.K. and Yadav, P. (1998) Screening of some essential oils against dermatophytes. Philippine J. Sci., 127, 137–147. Gulati, B.C. (1982) Essential oils of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species In: C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur (ed.) Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu- Tawi. pp. 607–619. Gulati, B.C., Agarwal, S.G., Thappa, R.K. and Dhar, K.L. (1977) Essential oil of Tejpat (Kumaon) from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala. Indian Perfumer, 21, 15–20. Hussain, A., Virmani, O.P., Popli, S.P., Mishra, L.N., Gupta, M.M., Srivastava, G.N., Abraham, Z. and Singh, A.K. (1992) Dictionary of the Indian Medicinal plants. Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Joshi, S.C. and Tandon, P. (1989) Association of auxin protectors in <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala Fr. Nees leaf gall formation. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 12, 1020–1023. Joshi, S.C. and Tandon, P. (1990) Isolation and maintenance of normal and mite-incited leaf gall tissue of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala in culture. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 28, 838–841. Joshi, S.C. and Tandon, P. (1991) Possible cause of hyperauxinity in <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala leaf gall. Indian J. Exp. Bio., 29, 192–194. Kya, P. and Min, N.C. (1970) Studies on some local <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species. Union Burma J. Life Sciences, 3, 197–204. Misra, P., Pal, N.L., Guru, P.Y., Katiyar, J.C. and Tandon, J.S. (1991). Antimalerial activity of traditional plants against erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei. Indian J. pharmacog., 29, 19–23.
210 Akhil Baruah and Subhan C. Nath Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K., Baruah, R.N., Singh, R.S. and Ghosh, A.C. (1994a) Major components of the leaf oil of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> sulphuratum Nees. J. Essent. Oil Res., 6, 77–78. Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Singh, R.S. (1994b) Essential oil of leaves of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala Nees & Eberm. From North East India. J. Spices & Aromatic Crops, 3, 33–35. Nath, S.C. and Baruah, A.K. (1994c) Eugenol as the major component of the leaf oil of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> impressinervium Meissn. J. Essent. Oil Res., 6, 211–212. Nath, S.C., Baruah, A. and Hazarika, A.K. (1999) Essential oils of the leaves of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> Schaefer members. Indian Perfumer, 43, 473–478. Sharma, S.R., Dwivedi, S.K. and Swarup, D. (1996) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala Nees leaves. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 34, 372–374. Sood, S.P., Padha, C.D., Talwar, Y.P., Jamwal, R.K., Chopra, M.M. and Rao, P.R. (1979) Essential oils from the leaves of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala Nees & Eberm. growing in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Perfumer, 23, 75–78. Upadyaya, S.P., Kirihata, M. and Ichimoto, I. (1994) Cinnamon leaf oil from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala grown in Nepal. J. Jap. Soc. Food Sci. Technol., 41, 512–514. Yadav, P., Dubey, N.K., Joshi, V.K., Chansouria, J.P.N. and Yadav, P. (1999) Antidermatophytic activity of essential oil of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong>. J. Med. Aromatic plant. Sci., 21, 347–351. Zutshi, N.L. (1982) Essential Oils – Isolates and Semisynthesis. In: Atal, C.K. and Kapur, B.M. (eds) Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu-Tawi, pp. 38–89.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 83
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 85
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 89
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 91
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 95
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 97
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 10
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 321
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 325
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe