The genus Cinnamomum

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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinnamon and Cassia 275 minimal lethal concentration (MLC), and exposure duration for fungicidal action at MIC and higher doses. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most susceptible and the H. capsulatum and Candida species were most resistant. The MIC varied from 16–40 ppm. They have suggested that vapour inhalation of cinnamon oil could be useful in the treatment of respiratory tract mycosis. Inoneye et al. (2000) studied the inhibitory effect of essential oil on apical growth of A. fumigatus by vapour contact. The results showed that the growth of the fungus was retarded at 63 g oil/ml of air concentration. Insecticidal activity The use of plants or extracts of plants to control, repell or to eradicate pests and harmful insects stretches back over the agricultural history of mankind. Many of the plant-derived insecticides, insect repellants and antifeedants have the advantage that while being toxic to the pests, they are nontoxic to humans. Studies conducted in different laboratories have shown promising results with cinnamon and cinnamon oil in pest control (see Table 11.3). Gracia (1990) studied the effect of the extracts of cinnamon and cinnamon oil toxicity, repellency, growth inhibition and ovicidal actions on the bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis. The petroleum-ether extract and oil were found to be toxic to the bean weevil with an LD 50 of less than 200 mg/ml. Cinnamon oil showed fumigation action, which caused 100% mortality at 50 mg of 100% oil in 40 cc of space. Both petroleum and alcoholic extracts exhibited concentration-dependent repellent action. Cinnamon oil could be used for the management of honeybee diseases. The results of the study by Calderon et al. (1994) on Bacillus laevis, the causative agent of American foulbrood diseases, have shown that the oil completely inhibited the growth at 10 ppm level for 72 hours, Ascosphaera apis at 100 ppm for 168 hours and Bacillus alvei at 10 ppm for 72 hours. Floris et al. (1996) also investigated the same problem and extended the study to field trials and obtained beneficial results. The oil was tested in nutrient broth and found that the minimal bactericide concentration was 50 mg/kg and the sporicide concentration was 100 mg/kg. The oil at 400 mg/kg concentration was found to be nontoxic to adult bees. In field trials, they administered the oil in solid food and it was effective at a concentration of 400 mg/kg. Another beneficial activity of cinnamon oil obtained from the studies by Hauhong and Shan Huan (1994) was the complete inhibition of the reproduction of Sitophilus zeamais, Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer) and Tribolium castaneum (flour beetle) at a concentration of 0.1–0.2% mixed with wheat or wheat flour. Topical application of oil at a concentration of 0.1–0.5 l/larva effectively inhibited the growth of larvae of Tenebrio molite. The active constituent producing the inhibitory action was found to be cinnamaldehyde. The same authors studied the effect of the oil from another species of cinnamon (C. micranthum) and found that it inhibited the growth of T. castaneum effectively in stored crops and that the oil was safe for mammals even at high concentrations (Hauhong and Shan Huan, 1996). The antifeedant effect of cinnamaldehyde against the grain storage insects Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais was studied by Huang and Ho (1998). A methylene chloride extract was insecticidal to both the insects. (The contact fumigant and antifeedant effects were also tested and found to have an LC 50 value of 0.7 mg cm 2 and LC 95 of 0.9 mg cm 2 .) However, T. castaneum had a higher fumigant toxicity than S. zeamais (LC 50 0.28 mg cm 2 and 0.54 mg cm 1 respectively). The adults
Table 11.3 Insecticidal activity of cinnamon extract/oil Organism Action Dose Reference Callosobruchus chinensis (been Growth inhibition, ovicidal action Pet. ext. 200 mg/ml LD50 Gracia (1990) weevil, pulse beetle) Fumigation, 500 mg of oil in 40 cc of space repellant action Sitophilus zeamais (rice weevil) Complete inhibition 0.1–0.2% oil Xu-Hauhong and Zhao-Shauhuan (1994) Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser Complete inhibition 0.1–0.2% oil Xu-Hauhong and Zhao-Shauhuan grain borer) (1994) Tribolium castaneum (flour Complete inhibition 0.1–0.2% oil Xu-Hauhong and Zhao-Shauhuan beetle) (1994) Tenebrio molitor (meal worm) Contact fumigants 0.9 mg/cm2 LC95 – value Xu Hang, Hong (1996) Ceratitis capitata (amphibian Complete mortality 5% emulsion Moretti et al. (1998) pest) Acanthoscelides oblectus Fumigant toxicity ovicidal & 5–25% ext. Lee Hoiseon et al. (1999) (storage pest) larvicidal action
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 325
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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