The genus Cinnamomum

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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinnamon and Cassia 59 Based on the chemical evolution Guang-Fu and Yang (1988) have suggested the probable interrelationships among these species. Cytology The earliest cytological study was that of Tackholm and Solderberg (1917), who reported the somatic number as 2n 24 in C. sieboldii. Sugiura (1936) and later Chuang et al. (1963) reported the same number in C. camphora, C. japonicum, C. linearifolium, C. obtusifolium, C. sieboldii and C. zeylanicum. Sharma and Bhattacharya (1959), in a detailed study on four species (C. camphora, C. verum, C. tamala and C. iners), found 2n 24 consistently in all of them. Mehra and Bawa (1968, 1969) found the same number in C. camphora, C. caudatum, C. cecidodaphne, C. impressinervium, C. obtusifolium and C. tamala. Okada (1975) and Okada and Tanaka (1975) carried out cytological studies on Japanese Lauraceae, including five species of Cinnamomum, and confirmed the same chromosome number in all of them. These authors could establish clear cytological differences based on the nature of the interphase nuclei, which lends support to the subdivision of Laureaceae into the subfamilies Lauroideae and Cassythoideae. In C. camphora, as well as in other species studied by Okada (1975), chromosomes can be distinguished by their size, position of centromere as well as satellite and location of heterochromatic segments (Fig. 2.19, a–c). In interphase nuclei, chromatin forms about 20 condensed bodies, which are stained darkly and are round or rod shaped. Speciesspecific chromatin distribution is also noticed. In C. camphora the 5th pair (chr. 9, 10, satellite chromosomes) shows the following chromatin distribution: the satellites and the long arms are euchromatic (Fig. 2.19, a). In the 7th pair (chr. 13, 14) there are heterochromatic regions in the proximal regions of short arm and in the long term. The distal regions of the short arms consist of late condensing chromatin. The twelth pair is composed of a heterochromatic segment in the proximal region of the short arm, of euchromatin in the long arm and of late condensing chromatic segments in the distal region of short arms. In C. daphnoides the morphological characteristics of the chromosomes at interphase, prometaphase and metaphase are more or less the same as that of C. camphora. The satellite chromosome pair (9, 10) showed a different chromatin pattern from those of C. camphora. All of the satellite and proximal regions of both arms consisted of heterochromatin and the distal region of the long arm was euchromatin. In C. sieboldii the distribution of chromatin was also found to resemble that in C. camphora but differed in the two pairs of satellite chromosomes. The eighth pair (15, 16) showed the distribution pattern as follows: euchromatin located in the distal region of long arm and in all of the satellite. Heterochromatin was found in the proximal regions of both arms. The other satellite chromosomes (23, 24) possessed euchromatic segments in all of the satellite in the proximal region of the short arm and the distal region of the long arm, and a hetrochromatic segment in the proximal region of the long arms. At metaphase the secondary constructions of these chromosomes were invisible probably due to heavy condensation (Okada, 1975). Propagation Cinnamon and cassia can be propagated either through seeds or clonally by cuttage. Seed is recalcitrant and loses viability quickly when stored. When sown immediately after harvest, seeds give 90–94% germination, while on storage for five weeks the
Figure 2.19 Karyotypical representation of somatic chromosomes of three species of Cinnamomum. a. C. camphora, b. C. daphnoides, c. C. sieboldii. 1. Late prophase; 2. Prometaphase; 3. Metaphase. In all species 2n 24. One pair of nucleolar chromosomes can be seen in all the three species. (Source: Okada, 1975.)
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Page 28 and 29: Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 34 and 35: (a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 38 and 39: Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 46 and 47: 1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51: 1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 56 and 57: (k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
Page 60 and 61: 1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
Page 62 and 63: (a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65: 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 78 and 79: viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 82 and 83: Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
Page 110 and 111: HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 116 and 117: -Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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Page 120 and 121: 1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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