Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinnamon and Cassia 281 Hauhong, X. and Shan Huan, Z. (1994) Studies on insecticidal activity of Cassia oil and its toxic constituent analysis. J. South China Agricultural Uni., 15, 27–33. Hauhong, X. and Shan Huan, Z. (1996) Studies on insecticidal activity of the essential oil from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> micranthem and its bioactive component. J. South China Agricultural Uni., 17, 10–17. Ho, K.Y., Hynn, Y.Y., Seungttwan, O. and Kim, H.Y. (1996). Screening of antagonistic natural materials against Alternaria alternata. Korean J. Pl. Path., 12, 66–71. Hoiseon, L., Young Joon, A., Lee, H.K., Lee, H.S. and Ahn, Y.J. (1999) Antignawing factor derived from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> cassia bark against mice. J. Chem. Eco., 25, 1131–1139. Hsiao, G., Ming, T.-C., Rong, S.J., Cheng, Y., Keung, L.-K., Mei, L.-Y., Shung, W.-T., Hsiung, Y.-M., Teng, C.M., Sheu, J.R., Chen, Y.-W., Lam, K.K., Lee, Y.M., Wu, T.S. and Yen, M.H. (2001) Cinnamophilin as a novel antiperoxidative cytoprotectent and free radical scavenger. Bioch. Biophy. Acta, 152(1–2), 72–78. Huang, Y. and Ho, S.H. (1998) Toxicity and antifeedant activities of cinnamaldehyde against the grain storage insects, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch) J. Stored Products Res., 34, 11–17. Hussain, R.A., Kim, J., Hu, T.W., Soejarto, D.D. and Kinghorn, A.D. (1986) Isolation of a highly sweet constituent from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> osmophloem leaves. Planta Medica, 5, 403–404. Hyun, J.W., Lim, K.H. and Shin, J.E. (1994) Antineoplastic effect of extracts from traditional medicinal plants. Korean J. Pharmacognosy, 25, 171–177. Ikawati Z., Wahyuono, S. and Maeyama, K. (2001) Screening of several effect on histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells J. Ethnopharmacology, 75, 249–256. Inoneye, S., Tsuruoka, T., Watanabe, M., Takeo, K., Akao, M., Nishiyama, Y. and Yamaguchi, H. (2000). Inhibitory effect of essential oils on apical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus by vapour contact. Mycoses, 43, 17–23. Ismaiel, A. and Pierson, M.D. (1990) Inhibition of growth and germination of C. botulinum, 33A, 40B and 1623E by essential oils of spices. J. Food. Sci., 55, 1676–1698. Iyangar, M.A., Gosh, T.K. and Nayak, S.G.K. (1994) Evaluation of a locally growing <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> species. Indian Drugs, 31, 87–89. Jantan, I., Ali, R.M. and Goh, S.H. (1994) Toxic and antifungal properties of the essential oils of cinnamon species. J. Tropical Forest Sci., 6, 286–292. Jin Won, H., Kyoungttwa, L. and Jin, E.S. (1994) Antineoplastic effects of extracts from traditional medicinal plants. Korean J. Pharmacognosy, 25, 171–177. Khory, R.N. and Katrak, N.N. (1994) Materia Medica of India and their <strong>The</strong>rapeutics, Komal Prakashan, Delhi (reprinted 1999), pp. 527–528. Kim, N.J., Jung, E.A., Kim, D.H. and Lee, S. (1999; 2000) Studies on the development of antihyperlipidemic drugs from Oriental herbal medicine. Korean J. Pharmacognosy, 30, 368–374, 31, 190–195. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. (1975) Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.III, Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehra Dun, pp. 2145–2150. Kobayashi, M., Utsunomiya, T., Herndon, D.N., Pollard, R.B. and Suzuki, F. (1994) Effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicine on the production of interleukin-4 from a clone of burn-associated suppressor T cells. Immunology Let., 40, 13–20. Kobayashi, Y., Watanabe, M., Ogihara, J., Kato, J. and Oshi, K. (2000) Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by methanol extracts of commercial herbs and spices. J. Jap. Soc. Food Sci. & Technol., 47, 642–645. Koh, W.S., Yoon, S.Y., Kwon, B.M., Jeong, T.C., Nam, K.S. and Han, A.U. (1999) Cinnamaldehyde inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and modulates T-cell differentiation. International J. Immunopharm., 20, 643–660. Konoshima, T., Takashi, M., Kozuka, M. and Takuda, H. (1994) Antitumor promoting activities of Kampo prescriptions II. Inhibitory effect of mouse skin tumors and pulmonary tumors. J. Pharmaceutical Soc. Japan, 114, 248–256.
282 K.K. Vijayan and R.V. Ajithan Thampuran Kubo, M., ShiPing, M., JianXin, W., Matsuda, M., Ha, S.P. and Wu, J.X. (1996) Antiinflammatory activities of 70% methanolic extract of Cinnamomi cortex. Biol. Pharmaceu. Bull., 19, 1041–1045. Lamey, P.J., Lewis, M.A., Rees, T.D., Fowler, C., Binnie, W.H. and Forsyth, A. (1990) Sensitivity reactions to cinnamaldehyde content of toothpaste, British Dental J., 168, 115–118. Lee, H.S. and Ahn, Y.J. (1998) Growth inhibiting effects of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> cassia bark derived materials on human intestinal bacteria. J. Agri. and Food Che., 46, 8–12. Lee, S.H., An, S.Y., Du, H.K. and Chung, S.K. (1999) Blood glucose lowering activity and mechanism of Sangbackpitang in mouse. Yakhak Hoyi, 43, 818–826. Masimango, N., Ramut, J.L. and Remade, J. (1978) Study on the role of chemical additives in combating aflatoxins. Rev. Fermont. Ind. Aliment, 33, 116–23; Chem. Abstr. 90, 1119835z. Matsuda, M., Matsuda, R., Fukuda, S., Shimoto, H. and Kubo, M. (1987) Antithrombotic actions of 70% methanolic extract and cinnamic aldehyde from cinnamomi cortex. Chem. and Pharmaceu. Bull., 35, 1275–1280. Minimaki, A. (1995) Double blind placebo-controlled peroral challenges in patients with delayed-type allergy. Contact Dermatitis, 33, 78–83. Mikamo, H., Kawazoe, K., Izumi, K., Sato, Y. and Tamaya, T. (1998) Effects of crude herbal ingredients on intrauterine infection in a rat model. <strong>The</strong>rapeutic Res., 59, 122–127. Mishra, A.K., Dwivedi, S.K., Kishore, N. and Dubey, N.K. (1991) Fungistatic properties of essential oil of C. camphora. Intern. J. Pharmacog., 29, 259–262. Misra, N., Batra, S. and Batra, S. (1987) Efficiency of essential oil of <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> tamala against Aspergillums flavus and A. parasiticus producing mycotoxins in stored seeds. Indian Perfumer, 31, 332–334. Mitra, S.K., Sundaram, R. and Venkataranganna, M.V. (2000) Antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ‘Ophthacre’ brand, a herbal eye drop. Phytomedicine, 7, 123–127. Montes-Belmont, R. and Carvajal, M. (1998) Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components. J. Food Protection, 61, 616–619. Morallo-Rejeus, B. and Punzalan, E.G. (1997) Molluscicidal activity of some Phillippine plants on golden snail. Phillippine Entom., 11, 65–79. Moretti, M.D.L., Bazzoni, E., Passino, G.S. and Prota, R. (1998) Antifeedant effects of some essential oils on Ceratitis capitata. J. Essential Oil Res., 104, 405–412. Mukherjee, P.S. and Nandi, B. (1994) Poultry feed preservation from fungal infection by Cinnamon oil. J. Mycopath. Res., 32, 1–5. Mukherjee, R.K., Fujimoto, Y. and Kakimema, K. (1994) 1-(-Hydroxy-fattyacyl)glycerols and two flavonols from <strong>Cinnamomum</strong> camphora. Phytochemistry, 37, 1641–1643. Nadkarni, K.M. (1976) Indian Materia Indica, Popular Prakshan, Bombay, pp. 329. (Originally published in 1899), Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur. Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A. and Philipson, J.D. (1996) Herbal Medicines, <strong>The</strong> Pharmaceutical Press, London. Nohara, T., Kashiwada, Y., Tomimatsu, T. and Nishikawa, I. (1980) Two novel diterpenes from the Bark of Cinnamomi cortex. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 28, 1969–1970. Onishi, Y., Yamamura, T. and Tauchi, K. (1998) Expression of antimetastatic effect induced by Juzeu-Taiho-to is based on the content of Shimosu-to constituents. Biol. Pharmaceu. Bull., 21, 761–765. Patole, A.P. and Agte, V.V. (1998) Effect of various dilatory constituents on insulin secretion on pancreas culture. J. Medicine and Aromatic Plant Sci., 20, 413–416. Peters, M.M.C.G. and Cadwell, J. (1994) Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde: Influence of dose, sex and size in rats and mice. Food and Chem. Toxico., 32, 869–876. Polansky, M.M. and Anderson, R.A. (1992) Stimulatory effects of cinnamon and brewers yeast as influenced by insulin. Hormone Res., 37, 225–229. Premanathan, M., Rajendran, S., Ramanathan, T., Kathiresan, K., Nakashimo, H. and Yamamoto, N. (2000) A survey of some Indian medicinal plants for anti-human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) activity. Indian J. Med. Res., 112, 73–77.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 83
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 85
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 89
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 91
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 95
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 97
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 10
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 11
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe