The genus Cinnamomum

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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Composition of leaf essential oils from C. cassia from two sources, China and Australia 1.1 Leaf oil: From China From Australia % Compound % Compound 74.1 Cinnamic aldehyde 77.2 Cinnamic aldehyde 10.5 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde 15.3 Coumarin 6.6 Cinnamyl acetate 3.6 Cinnamyl acetate 1.2 Coumarin 1.2 Benzaldehyde 1.1 Benzaldehyde 0.8 4-Ethylguaiacol 0.7 2-Phenylethyl acetate 0.4 Ethyl cinnamate 0.6 2-Phenylethanol 0.2 2-Phenylethyl acetate 0.6 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde 0.2 2-Phenylethanol 0.2 2-Methylbenzofuran 0.1 -Terpineol 0.2 3-Phenylpropanal 0.1 Eugenyl acetate 0.2 Salicylaldehyde 0.1 Benzyl benzoate 0.2 Cinnamyl alcohol 0.1 Terpinen-4-ol 0.2 Nerolidol (unknown isomer) 0.1 Nonanal 0.1 Acetophenone Trace 1-Hexanol 0.1 -Pinene Trace Chavicol Trace Camphene Trace 1,8-Cineole Trace Cinnamyl alcohol Trace Cuminaldehyde Trace Eugenol Trace Farnesol (unknown isomer) Trace Geranial Trace Guaiacol Trace -Humulene Trace Isoeugenol Trace Linalool Trace Methyl benzoate Trace 3-Phenylpropanal Trace -Pinene Trace -Pinene Trace Terpinolene Trace 2-Vinylphenol 96.5 Total 99.4 Total Source: Zhu et al., 1993. Source: Senanayake, 1977. Lyoniresinol 2-O--D-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxy phenol-O--D-apiofuranosyl-(1: 6)--D-glucopyranoside, syringaresinol, two epicatechins-5,7,3,4trimethyl-epicatechin and 5,7,0-dimethyl-3,4-di-0-methylene epicatechin, and two cinnamic aldehyde cyclic glycerol 1,3-acetals; 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid and its O--D-glucopyranoside, cassioside, cinnamoside and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol--Dapiofuranyl-(1: 6)--D-glucopyranoside (Tanaka et al., 1989; Shiraga et al., 1988). In addition to the above, coumarin, cinnamic acid, -sitosterol, choline, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid were isolated from the aqueous extract of cassia bark (Yuan and Jiang, 1982; Akira et al., 1986).
Table 6.6 Composition of oils from cassia bark From China From Australia % Compound % Compound 65.5 (E)-cinnamic aldehyde 87.0 Cinnamic aldehyde 8.7 Coumarin 4.7 Benzaldehyde 3.6 Cinnamyl acetate 2.5 2-Phenylethanol 2.7 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde 2.0 3-Phenylpropanal 0.9 Benzaldehyde 0.7 1,8-Cineole 0.7 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde 0.5 4-Ethylguaiacol 0.6 Benzyl benzoate 0.5 Ethyl cinnamate 0.2 Cinnamyl alcohol 0.4 Cuminaldehyde 0.2 2-Phenylethyl acetate 0.3 Chavicol 0.2 Eugenyl acetate 0.3 Coumarin 0.1 (Z)-cinnamic aldehyde 0.1 Benzyl benzoate 0.1 2-Phenylethyl benzoate 0.1 Linalool 0.1 3-Phenylpropanal 0.1 Cinnamyl acetate Trace Caryophyllene oxide 0.1 Nonanal Trace -Pinene 0.1 Eugenol Trace Camphene 0.1 -Pinene Trace -Pinene Trace Eugenyl acetate Trace Mycrene Trace Terpinen-4-ol Trace -Phellandrene Trace Camphene Trace -3-Carene Trace Cinnamyl alcohol Trace -Terpinene Trace Farnesol (unknown isomer) Trace Para-cymene Trace Fenchone Trace Limonene Trace Geranial Trace -Phellandrene Trace Geraniol Trace (Z)--ocimene Trace 1-Hexanol Trace (E)--ocimene Trace 3-Hexenol-1 Trace Terpinolene Trace -Humulene Trace Linalool Trace Isoeugenol Trace Borneol Trace Methyl cinnamate Trace Terpinen-4-ol Trace 2-Phenylethyl acetate Trace -Terpinene Trace -Pinene Trace Terpineolene Trace Sabinene Trace Linalool Trace Safrole Trace Borneol Trace -Selinene Trace Terpinen-4-ol Trace -Terpinene Trace -Terpineol Trace -Terpineol Trace Nerol Trace Terpinolene Trace Geraniol Trace Linayl acetate Trace Bornyl acetate Trace -Caryophyllene Trace -Humulene Trace -Muurolene Trace -Cadinene Trace -Copaene Trace p-Cymene-8-ol Trace Isoamyl isovalerate Trace Spathulenol Trace Eugenol Trace Carvacrol Trace -Elemene
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
Page 138 and 139: 4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
Page 140 and 141: Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
Page 142 and 143: the age of three to four months exc
Page 144 and 145: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 146 and 147: Cultivation and Management of Cinna
Page 148 and 149: HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
Page 150 and 151: (a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
Page 152 and 153: Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
Page 154 and 155: cassia oils, is obtained from disti
Page 156 and 157: KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
Page 158 and 159: the oleoresin is stored in suitable
Page 160 and 161: Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
Page 162 and 163: Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
Page 164 and 165: Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
Page 166 and 167: Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
Page 168 and 169: Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
Page 170 and 171: Special protection information Resp
Page 172 and 173: Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
Page 174 and 175: Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
Page 176 and 177: Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
Page 178 and 179: Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
Page 180 and 181: make it easier to climb and to avoi
Page 182 and 183: Adulterations and substitutes In ea
Page 184 and 185: Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
Page 186 and 187: Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
Page 190 and 191: Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
Page 192 and 193: Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
Page 194 and 195: Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
Page 196 and 197: Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
Page 198 and 199: Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
Page 200 and 201: Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
Page 202 and 203: 7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
Page 204 and 205: propagation is possible through cut
Page 206 and 207: Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
Page 208 and 209: Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
Page 210 and 211: the branch. The mycelium layer pene
Page 212 and 213: Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
Page 214 and 215: Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
Page 220 and 221: Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
Page 224 and 225: Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
Page 234 and 235: The condenser is the most bulky and
Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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