The genus Cinnamomum

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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinnamon and Cassia 43 3 Pearson and Brown (1932), Dadswell and Eckersley (1940) and Stern (1954) carried out wood anatomical studies on Cinnamomum species. Stern (1954) studied the wood anatomical features of C. camphora and C. porrectum and gave the following description of xylem features of C. camphora: growth rings distinct, pores 17–35 in a square mm, angular to circular, tending to angularity, vessel wall thickness 2–4.5 , tyloses 8 Figure 2.11 Microscopical features of bark powder of C. cassia. 1, 1a. A single fibre and part of a fibre. 2. Selereids with associated parenchymatous cells. 2a. Different types of selereids. 3. Starch granules. 4. Cork in surface view. 5. Part of phloem in radial longitudinal section showing a fibre, part of an oil cell (oc), parenchyma, and a medullary ray with some of the cells containing acicular crystals of calcium oxalate (co). 6. Part of the phloem in tangential longitudinal section showing an oil cell (oc) with associated fibres, parenchyma, and part of a medullary ray with some of the cells containing acicular crystals of calcium oxalate. 7. Selereids and fibre of the pericycle. 8. Part of the cork in sectional view showing the alternating layers of thin-walled and thicker walled cells. (Source: Jackson and Snowdon, 1990.) co 2a oc 5
44 P.N. Ravindran et al. Table 2.7 Xylem anatomical features of C. camphora and C. porrectum Features C. camphora C. porrectum Pore distribution (% per group) Solitary 51 30 Multiple 40 63 Cluster 9 7 Perforation Scalariform Simple scalariform Pore diameter (range ) 41–95 68–136 Vessel element length (range ) 150–462 204–639 Fibres Fibre-tracheid Septate, fibriform wood fibres Parenchyma Terminal, vasicentric Vasicentric Source: Stern, 1954. thin-walled, vessel element end wall inclination 30°–50°, mostly 45°, intervascular pits circular to oval. Pitting alternate with some opposite, vascular rays heterogeneous, one to three cells wide, uniseriate rays uncommon; one to six but mostly two to three cells high, multiseriate rays 4–17 mostly 7–14 cells high; secretory cells in rays, axial parenchyma present and all inclusions occur as idioblasts; sclerotic pith flecks present. Xylem anatomical features of C. camphora in comparison with C. porrectum are given in Table 2.7. Floral morphology, biology and breeding behaviour Flowers of cinnamon are produced in lax terminal or axillary panicles that are almost equal to or slightly longer than the leaves. The flowers are abundant with long greenish white peduncles. The flowers are softly hairy, bracteate, actinomorphic, bisexual, trimerous, perigynous, perianth six in two whorls of three each, free, stamens 9 3 in four whorls of three each; outer two whorls introrse and glandless, third whorl extrorse and flanked by two prominent glands, fourth whorl is represented by glandless, sagittate, stalked staminodes. Fertile stamens show valvular dehiscence. The filaments of stamens and staminodes are provided with minute hairs. Ovary superior, unilocular with a single pendulous anatropous ovule. Style long, ending in a stigma which belongs to dry, papillate class (Heslop-Harrison and Shivanna, 1977) (see Fig. 2.2). Joseph (1981) and Kubitzsky and Kurz (1984) and Mohanakumar et al. (1985) have studied the floral biology but information is still incomplete. Flowering starts by November and lasts until the early part of March. On average, flower development takes 14 days from the stage of its visible initiation (Fig. 2.12a). The female and male phases are separated temporally (protogynous dichogamy) thereby ensuring outcrossing. Protogynous dichogamy leads to the maturing of the female phase first, and the male phase later. The two phases are separated by almost a day, during which time the flower closes completely. Joseph (1981) reported that every flower opens twice in two stages. In stage one on the first day, when a flower opens, its stigma is whitish and fresh and appears to be receptive. There is no anther dehiscence, and the stamens of the first whorl and those of the third whorl appear fused. After about five hours the flower closes. In stage two, the next day, the flower opens again. The stigma by then appears shrivelled and not
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
Page 9 and 10: viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
Page 11 and 12: x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
Page 13 and 14: xii Preface to the series compounds
Page 15 and 16: xiv Preface When we approached the
Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
Page 20 and 21: French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
Page 32 and 33: Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
Page 34 and 35: (a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
Page 38 and 39: Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
Page 46 and 47: 1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
Page 50 and 51: 1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
Page 56 and 57: (k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
Page 62 and 63: (a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
Page 64 and 65: 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
Page 78 and 79: viability is completely lost (Kanna
Page 82 and 83: Other tissue culture studies Botany
Page 84 and 85: Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
Page 86 and 87: Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
Page 90 and 91: Little crop improvement work has go
Page 98 and 99: Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
Page 104 and 105: Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 95
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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