The genus Cinnamomum

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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum 349 C. wightii is a high elevation species endemic to the Western Ghats, especially in the Nilgiris above 2000 m elevation. The dried infructescenes, immature fruits and even the leaf galls are reportedly used as Madras nagakesara (Anandkumar et al., 1986). Nagakesara is a crude drug in Ayurveda, used as deodorant, diaphoretic and stimulant, as an appetiser, brain tonic, anti-medic, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, diuretic and antidote. Mesua ferrea Linn. (Clusiaceae) is regarded as the real ‘Nagakesara’ (north Indian nagakesara) by most practitioners, while the dried inflorescence and immature fruits of C. wightii is traded as ‘Madras nagakesara’. The dried fruits of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. are also sold as ‘Malabar nagakesara’. Anandkumar et al. (1986) have made a comparative pharmacognostic study of the three sources of nagakesara. C. wightii is a small to medium sized tree. The leaf and young shoots have a large number of leaf galls. The flower pedicel has a single layered epidermis containing tannin deposits. The cortex is parenchymatous, and stone and oil cells are found scattered in the cortical tissue. Pericyclic fibres form a cap over the vascular bundles. There are 12–17 vascular bundles arranged in a circle. The pith is parenchymatous and contains oil cells. Perianth lobes in surface view are sclerenchymatous with thick-walled unicellular trichomes. In CS the epidermis of perianth is sclerenchymatous with thickwalled unicellular trichomes. The ground tissue is parenchymatous having many oil cells. The vascular strands are concentric, and the tracheids are spirally thickened with simple perforation. The fruit wall in surface view shows small epidermal cells. The ground tissue is parenchymatous with scattered stone cells. Oil cells are abundant, and the endosperm has spirally thickened parenchyma cells. The peduncle of the fruiting panicle has unilayered cutinised epidermis with rarely unicellular trichomes. The cortex is parenchymatous with numerous cells containing tannin intermingled with oil cells. Pericyclic fibre is discontinuous. The stele is made of collateral bundles in a continuous ring. Phloem has many oil cells. Vessels are spirally thickened with scalariform or simple perforation. The pith is parenchymatous with oil cells. The stem galls have cutinised single-layered epidermis, with a parenchymatous cortex having many oil cells. Pericycle fibre is discontinuous. The vascular strand is made of very few vessels and mostly of fibres that contain starch granules. Rays converge to protoxylem ends where fibres and stone cells are present. The pith is sclerosed. Parenchyma cells are few and pitted. The stone cells are scattered. The central portion of the pith is almost dissolved. The gall tissue contains starch grains in the cells. No information is available on the chemical composition of C. wightii. Less Known Taxa High safrole containing taxa Li-Xi Wen and Bi-Qiang (1997) described a new taxa of Cinnamomum, known in Chinese as ‘xia –ye-gui’ which is regarded by Chen et al. (1997) as C. burmanni f. heyneanum. Li-Xi Wen and Bi-Qiang (1997) named it as a new species, C. heyneanum (but this name is not sustainable as this species epithet has already been used for another species). This is a wild plant that begins to flower four to six years after being planted. Threeto four-year old branches and leaves can be collected for oil distillation. Steam distillation of fresh leaves yields 0.54–0.85% oil. The oil contains 96.38 to 99.7% safrole. As, an important source of safrole, the exploitation and utilisation of this species are promising.
350 M. Shylaja, P.N. Ravindran and K. Nirmal Babu Recently its cultivation has been encouraged in China. Safrole is a very valuable chemical and is used in the perfume industry. 2-Methylene-3-buten-1-yl benzoate containing Cinnamomum sp. from Vietnam Dung et al. (1997) reported an unusual chemical composition of a Cinnamomum species (known as ‘Re Gung’ in Vietnamese) occurring in the Ha Bac province of Vietnam. This species contained 2-methylene-3-buten-1-yl benzoate as the major component in the leaf and stem essential oils. The content of this unusual chemical was 85.9% in leaf oil, 92.4% in stem oil and 44.2% in wood oil. Camphor was the second most abundant constituent of wood essential oil (13%). Root essential oil contained mainly safrole (63.8%) and camphor (17.9%). Dung et al. (1997) have elucidated the structure of 2-methylene-3-buten-1-yl benzoate from spectral data. Cinnamomum spp. from Hubei Province, China Guang-Fu and Yang (1988) investigated the Cinnamomum spp. occurring in the Hubei province of China (Table 15.16). These workers have done a cluster analysis based on the occurrence of chemical constituents, and observed good correlation among morphological and chemical characteristics. They found that the species were clustered in three groups: Group (1) – C. appelianum, C. pauciflorum, C. wilsonii (2), C. wilsonii (1); Group (2) – C. bodinieri (1) and (2), C. septentrionale and C. platyphyllum; Group (3) – C. camphora, C. camphora var. linoolifera, C. parthenoxylon, and C. longepaniculatum. Based on Q clustering analysis the above workers also proposed the probable relationships among the species (mainly in the light of chemical relationships). C. macrocarpum Hooker f. C. macrocarpum Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, 132 et 133, 1886; Gamble, Fl. Madras Pt 7, 1225, 1925 (reprint 2, 857, 1957). This species is a medium-large tree occurring in higher elevations of Western Ghats (1500 m) of south India. The fruit of this species is the largest in the genus. Table 15.16 Cinnamomum sp. from China and their major constituents Sp. Major components C. bodinieri var. hupehanum (1) Citral C. bodinieri var. hupehanum (2) Camphor C. camphora Cineole C. camphora var. linaloolifera Linalool C. pauciflorum -Pinene C. appelianum Cineole C. longepaniculatum Bulnesol C. platyphyllum trans-Methyl-isoeugenol C. parthenoxylon Linalool C. septentirionale trans-Methyl-isoeugenol C. wilsonii (1) Citral C. wilsonii (2) Cinnamicacetate Source: Guang-Fu and Yang, 1998.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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