The genus Cinnamomum

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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and Cassia 257 Muthappa, B.N. (1967) A new species of Rosenscheldiella Theiss and Syd. from India. Sydowia, 21, 163–164. Narendra, D.V. and Rao, V.H. (1972) Some additions to the fungi of India. Sydowia, 26, 282–284. Patil, M.S. and Thite, A.N. (1967) Fungal flora of Rathnagiri (Kolhapur). J. Shivaji University (Sci.), 17, 149–162. Prakasam, V. (1992) Cinnamon red leaf spot disease in lower Pulney hills. Spice India, 2(8), 4. Premkumar, T. (1988) Alcides morio Heller (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) cinnamon fruit borer. Entomon 13, 187. Premkumar, T., Devasahayam, S. and Koya, K.M.A. (1994) Pests of spice crops. In K.L. Chadha and P. Rethinam (eds), Advances in Horticulture Vol. 10 – Plantation and Spice Crops Part-2, Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 787–823. Purohit, D.K. and Bilgrami, K.S. (1968) Variation in fifteen different isolates of Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg) Stey. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 38, 225–229. Purohit, D.K. and Bilgrami, K.S. (1969) Variation in the conidial morphology and genus Pestalotiopsis. Indian Phytopath, 22, 275–279. Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.C. and Robbins, S.R.J. (1981) Spices Vol. 1 Longman Group Ltd, Harton, U.K. and New York, USA. Rahman, S.M.A. (1951) Observations on the diseases of Tezpata. Curr. Sci., 20, 135. Rahman, S.M.A. (1962) Leaf spot and shot hole diseases of tezpata (Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees). Biologia, Lahore, 8(1), 51–54. Rajapakse, R.H.S. and Kulasekara, V.K. (1982) Some observations on the insect pests of cinnamon in Sri Lanka. Entomon, 7, 221–223. Rajapakse, R.H.S. and Ratnasekara, D. (1997) Studies on the distribution and control of leaf galls in cinnamon caused by Trioza cinnamomi Bosellis in Sri Lanka. Intl. J. Tropical Agric., 15, 53–56. Ramakrishna, T.S. (1965) Notes on some fungi from South India – IX: Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 62, 32–35. Raju, A.R. and Leelavathy, K.M. (1987) Cross inoculation studies with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing leaf spot in cinnamon, nutmeg and cocoa. J. Plantation Crops, 15, 137–139. Rands, R.D. (1922) Stripe canker of cinnamon caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi n. sp. Meded. Inst. Voor Plantenziekten, 54, pp. 53. Rangaswamy, G., Seshadri, V.S. and Channamma, L.K.A. (1970) Fungi of South India, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Roepke, W. (1916) The Helopeltis question, especially in connection with Cacao. J. Med. Proefsta, No. 21, 40. Roy, A.K., Jamaluddin and Prasad, M.M. (1976) Some new leaf spot diseases. Curr. Sci. 45, 604. Rutherford, A. (1913) Zeuzera coffeae (Red Borer: Coffee Borer). Trop. Agric., 41, 486–488. Rutherford, A. (1914) Some Ceylon coccidae. Bull. Ent. Res., 5, 259–268. Sawada, K. (1933) Descriptive catalogue of the Formosan fungi Part VI. Report Dept. Agric. Res. Inst., Formosa, 61, 117. Seshadri, V.S., Channamma, L.K.A. and Rangaswami, G. (1972) A few records of fungi from India. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl., 25, 246–252. Sharma, N.D. (1979) Some records of fungi from India. Indian Phytopath., 32, 511–512. Singh, S.M. (1978) Some Sphaeropsidales from Balaghat (M.P). Indian Phytopath., 31, 176–179. Singh, V., Dubey, O.P., Nair, C.P.R. and Pillai, G.B. (1978) Biology and bionomics of insect pests of cinnamon. J. Plantation Crops, 6, 24–27. Srivastava, A.K. (1979) Some additions to Indian Ascomycetes. Indian Phytopath., 32, 445–446. Suresh, S. and Mohanasundaram, M. (1996) Coccoid (Coccoidea; Homoptera) fauna of Tamil Nadu, India. J. Ent. Res., 20, 233–274. Trejo, G.E. and Lopez, F.M.C. (1990) Taxonomy of the plant bacteria involved in withering of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) cultivated in vitro. Revista Chapingo, 15, 67–68.
258 M. Anandaraj and S. Devasahayam Van der Goot, P. (1918) Aphididae of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 61(40), 70–75. Van Hall, C.J.J. (1921) Diseases and pests of cultivated plants in the Dutch East India during 1921. Meded. Inst. Voor Planten Zicekten, 53, 466. Van Hall, C.J.J. (1924) Diseases and pests of economic crops in the Dutch East Indies in 1923. Meded. Inst. Voor Plantenziekten, 64, 47. Van Overeem, C. (1925) Contribution to the fungus flora of the Dutch East Indies. II (No.10–13) 13. On the red rot fungus. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. III, vii 4 pp. 436–443. Veenakumari, K. and Mohanraj, P. (1993) Insect pests of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht. & Presl.) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J. Plantation Crops, 21, 67–69. Ver Woerd, L. and Du Plessis, S.J. (1933) Descriptions of some new species of South African fungi and of species not previously recorded from South Africa. S. African J. Sci., 30, 222–233. Vesey-Fitzgerad, D. (1938) Entomologists Report. Report, Department of Agriculture, Seychelles – 1936, pp. 17–18. Wikardi, E.A. and Wahyono, T.E. (1991) Destructive insects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) and their natural enemies. Bull. Penelitian- Tanaman- Rampah- dan- Obat (Indonesia), 6, 20–26. Williams, D.J. (1961) Changes in nomenclature affecting some Coccoidea (Homoptera). Ent. Mon. Mag., 97, 92–93. Zhang, X.Y. (1998) A study on the taxonomy of Exobasidium spp. according to fuzzy analysis of cultural properties and the analysis of 28 Sr. DNA-PCR-RFLP. Science Silvae Sinicae, 34, 59–71.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
Page 232 and 233: Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
Page 240 and 241: Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
Page 242 and 243: Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
Page 276 and 277: 11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 286 and 287: Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
Page 290 and 291: Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
Page 310 and 311: Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
Page 312 and 313: Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
Page 316 and 317: Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
Page 318 and 319: Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
Page 322 and 323: Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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