The genus Cinnamomum

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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon and Cassia 291 Table 12.5 Import of cinnamon and cassia by major importing countries (1997–99) Country Total spice imports Cinnamon & Cinnamon & Total import of Share in total & year cassia cassia ground C&C spice import (%) Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Mexico 1997 25,488 50,554 5449 25,982 744 406 6193 26,388 24.3 52.2 1998 29,550 65,314 4880 29,601 396 430 5276 30,031 17.9 46.0 1999 31,372 60,567 5402 28,341 443 428 5845 28,769 18.6 47.5 US 1997 242,309 496,354 16,431 31,228 1065 2045 17,496 33,273 7.2 6.7 1998 266,691 553,103 18,134 27,204 1325 2053 19,459 29,257 7.3 5.3 1999 286,855 598,846 16,346 22,059 1220 1968 17,566 24,027 6.1 4.0 Netherlands, the 1997 94,370 156,262 3211 4942 71 244 3282 5186 3.5 3.3 1998 83,967 155,406 5333 6181 103 152 5436 6333 6.5 4.1 1999 82,626 175,667 7148 7010 140 157 7288 7167 8.8 4.1 Germany 1997 111,799 225,766 1961 4011 860 2237 2821 6248 2.5 2.8 1998 115,625 242,105 1878 4040 553 1392 2431 5432 2.1 2.2 1999 121,066 242,366 1732 2984 582 1425 2314 4409 1.9 1.8 Korea 1997 33,225 41,980 2482 3136 146 290 2628 3426 7.9 8.2 1998 40,670 41,875 2180 2413 175 204 2355 2617 5.8 6.2 1999 32,100 40,443 3546 3471 65 121 3611 3592 11.2 8.9 Japan 1997 162,747 268,092 1462 3286 347 671 1809 3957 1.1 1.5 1998 160,825 217,379 1310 3001 489 908 1799 3909 1.1 1.8 1999 162,881 225,886 971 2188 509 967 1480 3155 0.9 1.4 India 1997 35,225.51 32,957.1 – – – – 3048 4389 8.3 12.0 1998 67,436.97 69,900.6 – – – – 6973 8307 9.9 11.4 1999 63,488.39 66,539.9 – – – – 12,467 13,711 19.6 20.6 Singapore 1997 130,917 209,356 4265 5562 1248 1593 5513 7155 4.2 3.4 1998 85,960 159,055 2165 2479 976 1100 3141 3579 3.7 2.3 1999 106,084 212,898 2397 2782 1018 1079 3415 3861 3.2 1.8 Source: UN Comtrade Database. Note Qty in tonnes, values in thousand US$. countries for cinnamon and cassia. As it can be seen from the above Table, the combined percentage for Sri Lanka, Madagascar and the Seychelles, the true cinnamon producing countries, is around 28% of the total imports. China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, the cassia producing countries, are the other suppliers to this market. <strong>The</strong> main sources for European Union countries in 1991 were Indonesia (36%), Malagasy Republic (21%), Sri Lanka (11%), China (6%), Seychelles (1%) and others, (15%), indicating the dominance of cassia type in the total imports. Nearly 36% of the ground cinnamon and cassia for the EU market is sourced from the Intra-EU countries. Indonesia, with a 23.7% share, tops the list of suppliers of ground cinnamon and cassia to this market. Thus, among the cassia exporting countries, Indonesia has taken the
Table 12.6 Item-wise import of cinnamon and cassia into India (1995–96 to 1999–2000) Years Items of import Cinnamon Cassia Tejpat Whole Powder Whole Powder cassia leaf Total Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value 1995–96 – – – – 1346.76 554.75 – – 0.89 0.06 1347.7 554.81 1996–97 – – 25.69 9.15 2243.46 1017.1 – – – – 2269.2 1026.25 1997–98 – – – – 2918.01 1578.53 – – 9.8 0.61 2927.8 1579.14 1998–99 33.81 20.96 14.54 6.86 6581.8 3297.9 – – 24.46 8.17 6654.6 3333.89 1999–2000 1.0 0.76 35.62 15.79 12,294.9 5829.99 14.5 6.42 121.04 42.77 12,467.1 5895.73 Source: Directorate of Arecanut and Spices, Calicut. Note Qty in tonnes, value in Rs Lakhs.
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 266 and 267: C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Page 316 and 317: Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
Page 328 and 329: 13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
Page 336 and 337: Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
Page 344 and 345: 14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
Page 346 and 347: Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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