The genus Cinnamomum

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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiediae Hosagoudar and Goss, 1989 var. cinnamomicola Hosagoudar and Goss, 1990 Exobasidium C. malabatrum Exobasidium cinnamomi Bilgrami et al., disease Exobasidium spp. 1979, 1981; C. japonicum Zhang, 1998 Cinnamomum sp. Clinoconidium farinosum Gomez and Kisimova, 1998 Rust C. tamala Aecidium cinnamomi Goswami and Bhattacharjee, 1973 C. malabatrum Caecoma keralense Hosagouder, 1984 C. verum Uraecium nothopegiae Ramakrishnan, 1965 Dieback C. tamala Colletotrichum Roy et al., 1976 gloeosporioides C. verum C. capsici Sharma, 1979; Karunakaran and Nair, 1980 C. cassia Botryodiplodia Cen and Deng, 1994; theobromae Cen et al., 1994 C. cassia Diplodia sp. Anandaraj (new record) C. cassia Marasmius pulcherima Anandaraj (new record) Thread blight C. tamala M. pulcherima Anandaraj (new record) Other diseases C. camphora Corticium perenne Anonymous, 1950 Fomes pectinatus Biharilal and Tandon, 1967 Glomerella cingulata Purohit and Pestalotiopsis sp. Bilgrami, 1969 C. cecidodaphne Ganoderma applanatum Anonymous, 1950 C. obtusifolium Pestalotiopsis versicolor Purohit and Bilgrami, 1968 Shot hole C. cassia Colletotrichum Anandaraj (new record) gloeosporioides C. tamala Phomopsis tezpatae Singh, 1978 Pestalotia cinnamomi Rahman, 1951 Cercospora sp. C. verum Rosenscheldia orbis Srivastava, 1979 Pestalotia cinnamomi Narendra and Rao, 1972 Zygosporium oscheoides Patil and Thite, 1967 Rangaswamy et al., 1970 Cinnamomum sp. Colletotrichum sp. Raju and Leelavathy, 1987 Colletotrichum Seshadri et al., 1972 cinnamomi C. osmeophleum Calonectria theae Chang, 1992a Pythium spp. Chang, 1993b C. sulphuratum Stenella cinnamomi Hosagoudar and Braun, 1995 C. kanehirai Androdia cinnamomea Chang and Chou, 1995 Colletotrichum Chang et al., 1997 gloeosporioides Chang, 1992b Phellinus noxius Pythium splendens Cylindrocladium clavatum Smut galls C. daphnoides Sphaecelotheca cinnamomi Hirata, 1979 Withering C. verum Clavibacter Trejo and Lopez, 1990 in vitro michiganensis sub sp. sepedonicus
250 M. Anandaraj and S. Devasahayam Major diseases Stripe canker Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes severe damage to forest trees and avocado, was first recorded on C. verum causing stripe canker (Rands, 1922). Symptoms start as a vertical stripe on the stem with amber coloured exudate at the advancing margins, which hardens later. This disease is reported to be severe in ill-drained soils and causes up to 42% damage. This fungus also affects C. camphora, C. culitlawan and C. sintok (Rands, 1922; Ciferri and Fragoso, 1927). The fungus, P. cinnamomi, from pineapple was also pathogenic on cinnamon, but with reduced virulence. The fungus produces only chlamydospores characterised by non-papillate sporangia. Papillate sporangia can be obtained by incubating a non-sterile percolate of field soil (Mehrlich, 1934). Control measures include improving soil drainage conditions, phytosanitation and wounddressing with tar. The disease is reported to spread along the west coast of Sumatera (Van Hall, 1921; 1924). This fungus has also been recorded on cloves in Malaysia (Lee, 1974; Purseglove et al., 1981). P. cinnamomi has also been recorded on C. camphora (Chang, 1993a) and C. osmeophleum from Taiwan, causing yellowing and wilting followed by death of plants from root rot. P. cinnamomi is heterothallic and both A1 and A2 mating types have been recorded in Hualing, whereas only the A1 mating type was recorded in Chia-yi. Isolates from C. camphora were of the A1type (Chang, 1992a,b; 1993a). There is no report of this fungus on cinnamon in India. P. cinnamomi has been isolated from clove trees in India, which caused sudden death of the trees (Anandaraj, unpublished). Foot rot Foot rot is a major destructive disease of Chinese and Vietnamese cassia (C. cassia), caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. This fungus attacks and destroys the vascular system by infecting through the roots. The disease is prevalent during the post-rainy season when the weather is humid and warm. Application of Trichoderma is effective in checking the disease incidence, especially in nurseries (Dao, this volume). Witches broom Witches broom disease affects more commonly cassia seedlings in nurseries and young trees in fields, though old trees are also infected. The Tra Giae hamlet of Vietnam (Tra Mi District, Quang Nam Province) is a hot spot area for this disease. Witches broom disease is caused by a phytoplasma. Preventive measures recommended for avoiding the disease include soaking the seeds in warm water (70°C) containing an antibiotic before sowing. Not much is known about the mode of transmission, vector and other aspects of the disease. Phytosanitation is advocated to keep the incidence low (Dao, this volume). Leaf spot and dieback Leaf spot and dieback disease in cinnamon is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Symptoms in young seedlings include small brown specks on leaf lamina which later coalesce forming irregular patches. In older leaves, these small specks coalesce and
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
Page 216 and 217: 8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
Page 218 and 219: Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Page 222 and 223: Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Page 226 and 227: References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
Page 228 and 229: 9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
Page 230 and 231: Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Page 236 and 237: Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
Page 238 and 239: Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Page 244 and 245: Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
Page 246 and 247: Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Page 250 and 251: Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
Page 252 and 253: Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
Page 254 and 255: Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
Page 256 and 257: 10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
Page 258 and 259: Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Page 264 and 265: Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
Page 276 and 277: 11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
Page 278 and 279: Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
Page 280 and 281: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
Page 286 and 287: Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Page 302 and 303: 12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
Page 304 and 305: Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Table 12.16 World exports of cinnam
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.20 US imports of cassia oi
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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13 End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia
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Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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End Uses of Cinnamon and Cassia 315
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Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Cinnamon - in perfumes and beauty c
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Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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14 Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future
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Cinnamon and Cassia - The Future Vi
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Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
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Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
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cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
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C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
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Table 15.7 Composition of essential
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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
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Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
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C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
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Table 15.13 Percentage composition
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location 90 physico-chemical proper
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mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
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metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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