The genus Cinnamomum

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Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum 351 The leaves, when crushed, smell of aniseed (safrole) and cloves (eugenol). The leaves and bark are used as a spice for flavouring certain dishes. Powdered bark is used as a base material in the manufacturing of incense sticks C. nicolsonianum Manilal and Shylaja C. nicolsonianum Manilal and Shylaja, Bull. Bot. Sur. India, 28, 111–113, 1986. This is a very rare and endangered species having large leaves and very small axillary panicles that are few flowered. The species originates from a low elevation forest of Western Ghats. The tree is extremely rare and is possibly on the verge of extinction (Manilal and Shylaja, 1986). Biosystematics of this species was studied by Shylaja (1984). C. oliverii FM Bailey C. oliverii FM Bailey is Bull –18, Dept. Agri. & Stock, Brisbane (Dept. Agri. Bot. Bull.10) 24, 1895; Catal. Queensland woods No.315, 1899; in Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 11(1), 24, 1895; Compreh. Cat. Queensland Pl. 431, f-418, 1913. This species is indigenous to Australia (Queensland). The bark is aromatic and is used as a spice in Australia, where it is used as a substitute for cassia bark. It is commonly known as Olivers bark. The other Cinnamomum species having local importance in South Asia are listed in Table 15.17. In South-East Asia and the Far East regions many species of Cinnamomum are used locally as spice or for timber purposes. The important ones (other than those described earlier) are given in Table 15.18. White cinnamon (Canella alba, Canellaceae) White cinnamon is not a member of the genus Cinnamomum, but is Canella alba, a member of Canellaceae. It is a medium sized tree, occurring in the Caribbian Islands (West Indies). The bark of this tree is whitish in colour. The leaves are alternate, oblong, thick, shining and laurel green. The flowers are small, and cluster on the shoot apex. The fruit is an oblong berry containing four kidney shaped seeds. Table 15.17 Useful Cinnamomum species from South Asia Species Remarks C. assamicum Baruah Newly reported from N.E. region of India. Main component of essential oil is benzyl benzoate. C. perrottettii Meissn. A high elevation species in Western Ghats, leaves and young twigs are tomentose. C. riparium Gamble Found at low elevation forests in south India, in valleys and river banks; its timber is useful. C. travancoricum Gamble A mountain species, on Western Ghats; leaves are pilose; its timber is useful. C. dubium Nees Wild cinnamon of Sri Lanka used as a timber tree. (C. multiflorum (Roxb.) Wight C. villosum Wight, C. thwaitesii de Lukmanoff) C. litsaefolium Thw. Timber tree, tallest of the Sri Lankan Cinnamomum spp.
352 M. Shylaja, P.N. Ravindran and K. Nirmal Babu Table 15.18 Useful species of Cinnamomum in South-East Asia and other regions C. cambodianum H. Lec Spice: major constituent of wood oil are alpha-terpineol, linalool and terpinen-4-ol. C. deschampsii Gamble Spice C. eugenenifolium Kosterm. Timber (C. gigaphyllum Kosterm.; C. hentyi Kosterm.) C. albiflorum Nees Spice aromatic: major constituents eugenol, 1-8, cineole, geraniol, alpha-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol. C. glanduliferum Kosterm. Timber (C. massria Schewe) C. iners Reinw. ex Blume Timber (C. eucalyptoides T. Nees; C. nitidum Blume Timber (C. paraneuron Miq.) C. javanicum Blume Timber (C. neglectum Blume) C. massoie (Beca.) Schewe Spice, substitute for cassia, indigenous to (Massoi bark) Papua, New Guinea C. mercadoi S. vidal Timber C. micranthum Hay. Important host tree for Antrodia cinnamomea, the famous medicinal fungus. Spice: oil is an insect repellant whose main ingredient is safrole. C. mollissimum Hooker f. Timber C. pendulum Cammerl. Timber (C. endlicheriaceearpum Kosterm.) C. puberulum Ridley Spice C. rhynchophyllum Miq. Spice (C. lampongum Miq.) C. scortechinii Gamble Timber (C. velutinum Ridley) C. sintoc Blume Timber (C. calophyllum Reinw ex. Nees; C. camphoratum Blume, C. cinereum Gamble) C. subavenium Miq. Timber (C. borneense Miq.; C. crytopodum Miq.; C. ridleyi Gamble) C. tetragonum A. Cher. Spice: leaf used for preparing a type of tea, beverage, locally consumed, and is medicinal. Source: Compiled from various sources. The tree is aromatic. Dried flowers when put in warm water produce a fragrance similar to musk. The Spaniards located the tree during their exploration in the sixteenth century and mistook it for cinnamon, naming it white cinnamon. The inner bark of this tree is aromatic and is used in flavouring. The outer corky layer is removed by gentle beating and the inner bark is extracted. The commercial product looks like quills or twisted pieces, having a pale orange-brown colour. The bark has an agreeable odour resembling cinnamon and clove, and the taste is pungent, bitter and
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinna
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This volume is dedicated to Prof. (
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viii Contents 10 Pests and diseases
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x Contributors Subhan C. Nath Regio
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xii Preface to the series compounds
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xiv Preface When we approached the
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1 Introduction P.N. Ravindran and K
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French Casse, Canefice, Canelle de
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Introduction 5 were accomplished sa
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Introduction 7 It seems quite proba
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Introduction 9 rose to 450,000 kg.
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Introduction 11 Sri Lanka has been
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Introduction 13 ISO (1977) Oil of c
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Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinn
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(a) (c) Botany and Crop Improvement
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Indian cassia leaves (known as ‘T
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1 2 Botany and Crop Improvement of
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Table 2.4 Stomatal characteristics
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1 3 4 Collenchyma Stone cell Phloem
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Table 2.6 Microscopic characteristi
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(k) Medullary 2 cells wide, radiall
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1 7 1a 7 Wood anatomy 4 6 2 2a Bota
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(a) (b) Morning Botany and Crop I
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1 2 3 4 6 8 9 Botany and Crop Impro
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viability is completely lost (Kanna
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Other tissue culture studies Botany
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Table 2.11 Bark and leaf oil consti
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Table 2.13 Growth and yield paramet
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Little crop improvement work has go
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Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia 81
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Table 3.4 Volatile constituents ide
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HO Chemistry of Cinnamon and Cassia
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-Humulene 1.30 0.57 0.12 1.40 -Cube
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1 3 2 4 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 12 11 13 14
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1147 Isoborneol 0.36 0.55 1158 Born
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opportunities lies in the new centu
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R OH 4 HO O O O OH Chemistry of Cin
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p-Cymene 13 21.35 0.82 -Copaene 0.4
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(E)-cinnamyl acetate 0.1 0.2-2.2 -3
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Annex 3.3 The chemical structure of
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4 Cultivation and Management of Cin
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Figure 4.2 Field plantation of cinn
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the age of three to four months exc
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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Cultivation and Management of Cinna
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HARVESTED CINNAMON Cutting Extracti
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(a) (b) Figure 5.3 (a) Cinnamon pee
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Chips Harvesting, Processing, and Q
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cassia oils, is obtained from disti
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KETTLE FURNACE Harvesting, Processi
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the oleoresin is stored in suitable
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Grades The Cinnamon bark shall have
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Quality of Reagents Unless specifie
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Cinnamon powder Harvesting, Process
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Table 5A.5 Chemical requirements Ha
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Harvesting, Processing, and Quality
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Special protection information Resp
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Ash Refer to Annex 5.3. Acid insolu
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Chinese Cassia 157 Figure 6.1 Cinna
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Figure 6.2 A 15-year old plantation
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Chinese Cassia 161 careful harrowin
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make it easier to climb and to avoi
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Adulterations and substitutes In ea
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Chinese Cassia 167 various regions
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Table 6.4 Insect pests of cassia ci
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Chinese Cassia 171 Table 6.5 Compos
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Trace Methyl eugenol Trace Benzoic
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Table 6.9 Comparative percentages,
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Chinese Cassia 177 (3-5°C) or due
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Chinese Cassia 179 curing diseases
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Chinese Cassia 181 different parts
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Chinese Cassia 183 Kashiwada, Y., N
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7 Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cin
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propagation is possible through cut
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Indonesian Cassia (Indonesian Cinna
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Figure 7.3 Separation of bark by be
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the branch. The mycelium layer pene
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Table 7.4 The yield and characteris
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Conclusion In spite of the fact tha
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8 Indian Cassia Akhil Baruah and Su
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Indian Cassia 201 pollen dehiscence
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Indian Cassia 203 Ecology and distr
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Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characte
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Indian Cassia 207 Table 8.4 Composi
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References Indian Cassia 209 Anonym
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9 Camphor Tree K. Nirmal Babu, P.N.
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Sub-specific division of C. camphor
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Camphor Tree 215 succession species
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The condenser is the most bulky and
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Table 9.1 Relation between age of t
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Table 9.3 Yield of camphor and oil
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Camphor Tree 223 Yu-Sho oil: Specif
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Ketones and oxides: Camphor, piperi
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Camphor Tree 227 20 Citronellyl ace
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Table 9.12 Chemical composition (%)
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Camphor Tree 231 Table 9.14 Yield a
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Camphor Tree 233 Table 9.18 Physico
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Camphor Tree 235 To prevent bed-sor
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Camphor Tree 237 Chopra, R.N., Chop
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10 Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon a
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Family: Dermestidae Evorinea hirtel
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Pests and Diseases of Cinnamon and
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Leaf webber (Orthaga vitalis) Pests
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C. malabatrum Meliola beilschmiedia
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11 Pharmacology and Toxicology of C
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Anti-inflammatory action Pharmacolo
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Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cinn
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Table 11.1 Antibacterial effects of
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Table 11.2 Antifungal activity of c
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12 Economics and Marketing of Cinna
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Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon
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Table 12.7 US imports of whole cass
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Japan Economics and Marketing of Ci
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Table 12.14 US exports of cassia an
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Page 326 and 327: S t 0.37Y t 0.63S t1 Economics an
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Page 330 and 331: Table 13.3 Typical western pickling
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Page 334 and 335: Table 13.9 Relative flavour intensi
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Page 340 and 341: Chinese Cassia Chinese cassia - as
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Page 348 and 349: Table 15.1 Chemical composition of
Page 350 and 351: Table 15.3 Constituents of leaf oil
Page 352 and 353: cloves. Leaves measure 3-12 1.5-4
Page 354 and 355: C. deschampsii Gamble C. deschampsi
Page 356 and 357: Table 15.7 Composition of essential
Page 358 and 359: Other Useful Species of Cinnamomum
Page 360 and 361: Table 15.9 Compounds identified in
Page 362 and 363: C. sulphuratum Nees Other Useful Sp
Page 364 and 365: Table 15.13 Percentage composition
Page 374 and 375: location 90 physico-chemical proper
Page 376 and 377: mass spectrometric studies 97 extra
Page 378 and 379: metabolic studies 267 sedative effe
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The genus Cinnamomum

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