Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intellectual ...

Wannapa Pipattanawong et al.
Regarding <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> Bandura social cognitive <strong>the</strong>ory (Bandura 1986), he believed that a person
who manages and implements actions to achieve goals has a perceived self efficacy with a decision
on <strong>the</strong> person's ability to have self management and behavior necessary to achieve successful goals.
The outcome expectancy is <strong>the</strong> belief that individuals evaluate <strong>the</strong>ir behavior leading to action. The
results <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir expected actions are added incentives that will lead to more positive action.
According to <strong>the</strong> literature, Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a tool to analyze workload to discover
whe<strong>the</strong>r it is suitable for individuals or not. It is usually implemented in business, (Kaplan and
Anderson 2007; Dunn (2011) however, <strong>the</strong> implementation might be advantageous for BCNC since NIs
complained about time (PBRI 2009; BCNC 2009). Therefore, ABC will help to analyze <strong>the</strong> workload <strong>of</strong> BCNC
NIs and can control working time in order to <strong>of</strong>fer chances for NIs to conduct research while minimizing
issues related to overwork and time. Udpa (2001) described ABC as an appropriate cost accounting
system to measure and control costs under <strong>the</strong> microstatistical episode <strong>of</strong> care paradigm suggested
by Emery (1999). ABC works well because it focuses on activities performed to provide services in <strong>the</strong>
delivery <strong>of</strong> care. Thus, it is not only possible to accurately cost episodes <strong>of</strong> care but also to more
effectively monitor and improve <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> care. Under ABC, costs are first traced to activities and
<strong>the</strong>n traced from <strong>the</strong>se activities to units <strong>of</strong> episodic care using cost drivers based on <strong>the</strong> consumption
<strong>of</strong> activity resources.
3. Results
Based on in depth interview, results showed that some NIs spent ≥ 200 hours on writing research
proposals for each piece <strong>of</strong> research. Despite this, some instructors felt that <strong>the</strong>ir priority should be
teaching and learning (T-L) and considered CR as a waste <strong>of</strong> time. Some NIs wished to pursue
fur<strong>the</strong>r study in relation to research training so, <strong>the</strong>y will understand and know how to begin and
conduct successful research. They wished to learn from NIs who are successful in conducting
research, especially from executives, who act as good researcher role models. They may know <strong>the</strong>ir
self-efficacy and could expect <strong>the</strong> learning outcome and will change <strong>the</strong>ir belief or behavior from
learning and sharing. Detailed results from <strong>the</strong> ABC program, are shown in <strong>the</strong> following section
according to a set <strong>of</strong> key questions.
3.1 Is it true that a lack <strong>of</strong> time or overload <strong>of</strong> work act as a barrier preventing NIs
from BCNC from conducting research?
Table 1 reveals that community health nursing instuctors (CHNIs) have more workload than
pr<strong>of</strong>essional development instructors (PDIs). It can be seen that CHNIs were 83.33% overworked but
PDIs were overworked by 28.57% which are both higher than TNC standard workload.
Table 1: Comparision <strong>of</strong> nursing instructors’ workload
Department
Items Community health nursing
(CHN: n = 6)
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional
development
(PD: n = 7)
Deputy Director: Chief : Lecturer 2 : 2 : 2 1 : 2 : 4
Over loaded work <strong>of</strong>
Deputy Director: Chief : Lecturer
(percentage)
2 : 2 : 1
(83.33 %)
1: 0 : 1
(28.57 %)
Overhead workload/year (hours) 1,689.39 1,381.72
Minimum.workload (hours) 939.17 764.92
Maximum workload (hours) 2,050.25 2,042.36
Note: Thai Nursing council (TNC) standard workload = 1,500 hours
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