Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater for Industrial Water Use

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Section 2 Implementation Considerations Comparison to Other State Regulatory Practices There are no federal regulations governing water reclamation and reuse in the United States; regulations are developed and implemented at the state government level. The lack of federal regulations has resulted in differing standards among states that have developed water reuse regulations. In the 1990s, several states adopted or revised their respective regulations, and it was common practice to base reuse criteria on those of states that had comprehensive regulations, guidelines, and background information to support them. The Guidelines for Water Reuse [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992], which were published in 1992 (revised in 2004), were also used as a resource by states that had limited or no regulations or guidelines. Since then, there has been increased interest in water reuse in several states that previously did not have water reuse regulations. At present, no states have regulations that cover all potential uses of reclaimed water, but several states have extensive regulations that prescribe requirements for a wide range of end uses of the reclaimed water. Other states have regulations or guidelines that focus on land treatment of wastewater effluent, emphasizing additional treatment or effluent disposal rather than beneficial reuse, even though the effluent may be used for irrigation of agricultural sites or public access lands. Status of Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines The status and summary of water reuse regulations and guidelines in the United States as of 2004 have been documented in the EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004] and are provided in Table 2.2. The absence of state regulations and guidelines for specific reuse applications does not necessarily prohibit those applications; many states evaluate specific types of water reuse on a caseby-case basis. Based on the data in Table 2.2, 25 states have adopted regulations regarding the use of reclaimed water, 16 states have guidelines or design standards, and 9 states have no regulations or guidelines. These data are somewhat misleading, as they include regulations and guidelines directed at land disposal of effluent or land application of wastewater intended primarily as a disposal mechanism rather than beneficial reuse. The number of states with regulations or guidelines for each type of reuse is summarized in Table 2.3. As indicated in Table 2.3, agricultural and landscape irrigation represent the reclaimed water uses most commonly regulated, and many states have implemented regulations that apply only to those types of use. As noted above, these data include state regulations that pertain to land disposal of effluent or land application of wastewater intended primarily as a disposal mechanism rather than beneficial reuse. The standards in states having the most reuse experience tend to be more stringent than those in states with fewer reuse projects. States that have water reuse regulations or guidelines typically set standards for reclaimed water quality and specify minimum treatment requirements, although a few states, such as Texas and New Mexico, do not prescribe treatment processes and rely solely on water quality limits. 2-4 Craddock Consulting Engineers In Association with CDM & James Crook TM1-Sec2_0707.doc
Section 2 Implementation Considerations Craddock Consulting Engineers 2-5 In Association with CDM & James Crook TM1-Sec2_0707.doc Table 2.2. Summary of State Reuse Regulations and Guidelines for Nonpotable Reuse Applications State Regulations Guidelines No Regulations or Guidelines Unrestricted Nonpotable Urban Uses Restricted Nonpotable Urban Uses Agricultural Irrigation of Food Crops Agricultural Irrigation of Non- Food Crops Unrestricted Recreational Impoundments Restricted Recreational Impoundments Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Source: Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [2004]. Environmental Uses Industrial Uses
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Acknowledgements This study was con
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Contents Recycling Treated Municipa
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Contents Recycling Treated Municipa
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Executive Summary Vision Executive
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Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Project
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Table 1.2. Water Use in Minnesota,
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Section 1: Introduction Recycling T
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1.5 Summary Section 1: Introduction
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Section 2: Recycled Wastewater Dema
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Figure 2.9. Ground Water Contaminat
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Table 2.8. Ethanol Plant Capacity a
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Page 44 and 45: Section 3: Recycled Wastewater Syst
Page 46 and 47: Water Quality Overview The total co
Page 48 and 49: Industrial Water Quality Concerns S
Page 50 and 51: Emerging Contaminants of Concern Se
Page 56 and 57: 3.4 Storage and Transmission Overvi
Page 60 and 61: Cost by Standard Industry Categorie
Page 62 and 63: Costs and Planning Considerations S
Page 64 and 65: Section 4: Implementation Considera
Page 66 and 67: Economic Incentives and Risk Assess
Page 68 and 69: Section 5: Summary and Potential Ne
Page 70 and 71: Long-Term Vision Section 5: Summary
Page 72: Exhibit A: California Water Recycli
Page 75 and 76: Metropolitan Council Recycling Trea
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Page 79 and 80: Craddock Consulting Engineers In As
Page 81 and 82: Section 1 Introduction Craddock Con
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Page 95 and 96: Table 2.4. Examples of State Water
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Page 120 and 121: Section 3 Inventory of Major WWTPs
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") ") ") ") Figure 3.10c. Lower Mis
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Section 3 Inventory of Major WWTPs
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Figure 3.12c. Mississippi River - H
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Figure 3.14b. Rainy River Watershed
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") Figure 3.16c. St. Croix River Wa
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Figure 3.18 Metro Area Industrial R
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G G Flying Cloud Dr !! G! G Figure
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Figure 3.22. Rogers WWTP - Industri
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G G G! Dodd Rd GG Figure 3.24. Rose
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G Figure 3.26. Hastings WWTP - Indu
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State Hwy 36 ! Figure 3.28. St. Cro
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Craddock Consulting Engineers In As
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Water Use Code Categories Minnesota
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Minnesota Water Use for All Categor
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Air Conditioning 0.2% Waterworks 15
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Minnesota Water Use, 2000-2004 - St
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Minnesota Water Use in 2004 (withou
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Minnesota Water Use in 2000 (withou
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UseCode by Year Minnesota Power Gen
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Water Use (MGD) Water Use (MGD) 350
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Minnesota Industrial Processing Fac
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Minnesota Industrial Processing Fac
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Water Use (MGD) Water Use (MGD) 120
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Water Use (MGD) Water Use (MGD) 13.
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Overview There are no federal regul
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Appendix B Status of Water Reuse Re
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Table 4. Examples of State Water Re
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Setback Distances Appendix B Status
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WATER USE (MGD) WATER USE (MGD) 3.5
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Table 3.9a. Industrial Water Use in
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Table 3.10a. Industrial Water Use i
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Table 3.10d. Industries in the Lowe
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WATER USE (MGD) WATER USE (MGD) 8 7
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Table 3.11d. Industries in the Minn
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Table 3.11d. Industries in the Minn
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WATER USE (MGD) WATER USE (MGD) 12
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Table 3.12c. Industries in the Miss
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Table 3.17c. Industries in the West
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MN Permit No Facility Minnesota Mun
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MN Permit No Facility Minnesota Mun
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Minnesota DNR Waters 2005 Ground-wa
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Permit No. Organization NAICS Code
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Metropolitan Council Recycling Trea
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TM2: Sampling Plan and Results Recy
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Recommended Limits for Various Indu
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Exhibit B Blue Lake WWTP Sampling R
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MCES Blue Lake Plant Final Effluent
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Date Day of Wk MCES Blue Lake Plant
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MCES Empire Plant Final Effluent Sa
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Date Day of Wk 10/24/06 Tuesday 10/
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Exhibit D Metropolitan (Metro) WWTP
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MCES Metropolitan Plant Final Efflu
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Date Day of Wk 4/19/07 Thursday 4/2
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MCES Seneca Plant Final Effluent Sa
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Date Day of Wk 10/8/06 Sunday 10/9/
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Metropolitan Council Recycling Trea
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Section 5 - Costs Table of Contents
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TM3: Recycled Wastewater System Com
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WWTP 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 1 Treatmen
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o Synthetic medium o Two-stage Surf
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Table 13 WATER REUSE SYSTEM COST OF
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Cost of Service, $/1000 gallon 1.00
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Cost of Service, $/1000 gallons 8.0
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Appendix A Water Reuse Regulatory E
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Table A-1. 2000 California Water Re
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California Department of Health Ser
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Other Media Type Filters Fuzzy Filt
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Appendix B TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM Rec
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Appendix B Reclaimed Water Transmis
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Exhibit 1 Transmission Main Cost To
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Pipe Installation Data (DR 18 PVC P
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Equipment Costs (with O&P) Item Des
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Water Reuse Pipe Line Construction
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Construction Unit Costs Item (2006
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Crew Costs (with O&P) St. Paul Pres
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Capital PROJECT Cost Curves for Rec
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Diam (in) Annual Average Day Flow A
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Diam (in) Annual Average Day Flow A
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Pipe Capital Project Cost, $ Millio
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Pipe Capital Project Cost, $/1000 g
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Annual Pipe Average Annual Velocity
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Pipe Capital Project Cost, $ Millio
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Exhibit 3 Water Reuse System O&M Co
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Diam (in) Annual Average Day Flow (
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Pumping Cost, $/1000 gallons 0.095
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Water Reuse System Estimated Cost o
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WATER REUSE SYSTEM COST OF SERVICE
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Appendix D-1 Water Reuse System Cos
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Water Reuse System Estimates of Pro
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Cost Curves as Basis for Tertiary 1
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Secondary Treatment Assumptions Sus
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Craddock Consulting Engineers 1 In
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TM4: WWTP Effluent Quality Recyclin
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Frequency of Occurrence, % Frequenc
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No. of Plants Total Permitting Desi
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Frequency of Occurrence, % Frequenc
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No. of Plants Total Permitting Desi
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Craddock Consulting Engineers 1 In
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1.0 Introduction This technical mem
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Exhibit A Regulatory Stakeholder Me
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MCES Recycling Treated Wastewater f
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Municipal Wastewater Reuse Regulato
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Exhibit B Industry Stakeholder Meet
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Recycling Treated Wastewater For In
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Institutional Issues Topic Discussi
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Institutional Issues Topic Discussi
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Exhibit C Broader Base Stakeholder
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