preface to fifteenth edition

More documents

Recommendations

Info

10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO POLYMERS 10.2.1 Antioxidants Antioxidants markedly retard therateof autoxidation throughout theuseful lifeof thepolymer. Chain-terminating antioxidants have a reactive 9NH or 9OH functional group and includecompounds such as secondary aryl amines or hindered phenols. They function by transfer of hydrogen to free radicals, principally to peroxy radicals. Butylated hydroxytoluene is a widely used example. Peroxide-decomposing antioxidants destroy hydroperoxides, the sources of free radicals in polymers. Phosphites and thioesters such as tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, and dialkyl thiodipropionates are examples of peroxide-decomposing antioxidants. 10.2.2 Antistatic Agents External antistatic agents are usually quaternary ammonium salts of fatty acids and ethoxylated glycerol esters of fatty acids that are applied to the plastic surface. Internal antistatic agents are compounded into plastics during processing. Carbon blacks provide a conductive path through the bulk of the plastic. Other types of internal agents must bloom to the surface after compounding in order to be active. These latter materials are ethoxylated fatty amines and ethoxylated glycerol esters of fatty acids, which often must be individually selected to match chemically each plastic type. Antistatic agents require ambient moisture to function. Consequently their effectiveness is dependent on the relative humidity. They provide a broad range of protection at 50% relative humidity. Much below 20% relative humidity, only materials which provide a conductive path through the bulk of the plastic to ground (such as carbon black) will reduce electrostatic charging. 10.2.3 Chain-Transfer Agents Chain-transfer agents are used to regulate the molecular weight of polymers. These agents react with the developing polymer and interrupt the growth of a particular chain. The products, however, are freeradicals that arecapableof adding to monomers and initiating theformation of new chains. The overall effect is to reduce the average molecular weight of the polymer without reducing the rate of polymerization. Branching may occur as a result of chain transfer between a growing but rather short chain with another and longer polymer chain. Branching may also occur if the radical end of a growing chain abstracts a hydrogen from a carbon atom four or five carbons removed from the end. Thiols are commonly used as chain-transfer agents. 10.2.4 Coupling Agents Coupling agents are molecular bridges between the interface of an inorganic surface (or filler) and an organic polymer matrix. Titanium-derived coupling agents interact with the free protons at the inorganic interface to form organic monomolecular layers on the inorganic surface. The titanatecoupling-agent molecule has six functions:
POLYMERS, RUBBERS, FATS, OILS, AND WAXES 10.5 where Type m n Monoalkoxy 1 3 Coordinate4 2 Chelate 1 2 Function 1 is theattachment of thehydrolyzableportion of themoleculeto thesurfaceof the inorganic (or proton-bearing) species. Function 2 is the ability of the titanate molecule to transesterify. Function 3 affects performance as determined by the chemistry of alkylate, carboxyl, sulfonyl, phenolic, phosphate, pyrophosphate, and phosphite groups. Function 4 provides van der Waals’ entanglement via long carbon chains. Function 5 provides thermoset reactivity via functional groups such as methacrylates and amines. Function 6 permits the presence of two or three pendent organic groups. This allows all functionality to be controlled to the first-, second-, or third-degree levels. Silane coupling agents are represented by the formula Z9R9SiY 3 where Y represents a hydrolyzable group (typically alkoxy); Z is a functional organic group, such as amino, methacryloxy, epoxy; and R typically is a small aliphatic linkage that serves to attach the functional organic group to silicon in a stablefashion. Bonding to surfacehydroxy groups of inorganic compounds is accomplished by the 9SiY 3 portion, either by direct bonding of this group or morecommonly via its hydrolysis product 9Si(OH) 3 . Subsequent reaction of the functional organic group with the organic matrix completes the coupling reaction and establishes a covalent chemical bond from theorganic phasethrough thesilanecoupling agent to theinorganic phase. 10.2.5 Flame Retardants Flame retardants are thought to function via several mechanisms, dependent upon the class of flame retardant used. Halogenated flame retardants are thought to function principally in the vapor phase either as a diluent and heat sink or as a free-radical trap that stops or slows flame propagation. Phosphorus compounds arethought to function in thesolid phaseby forming a glazeor coating over the substrate that prevents the heat and mass transfer necessary for sustained combustion. With some additives, as the temperature is increased, the flame retardant acts as a solvent for the polymer, causing it to melt at lower temperatures and flow away from the ignition source. Mineral hydrates, such as alumina trihydrate and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, are used in highly filled thermoset resins. 10.2.6 Foaming Agents (Chemical Blowing Agents) Foaming agents are added to polymers during processing to form minute gas cells throughout the product. Physical foaming agents include liquids and gases. Compressed nitrogen is often used in
Page 2 and 3:
LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
Page 4 and 5:
Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
Page 6 and 7:
PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
Page 8 and 9:
PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
Page 10 and 11:
xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
Page 12 and 13:
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
Page 14 and 15:
For the detailed contents of any se
Page 16 and 17:
1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
Page 18 and 19:
1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
Page 20 and 21:
1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
Page 22 and 23:
1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
Page 24 and 25:
1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
Page 26 and 27:
1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
Page 28 and 29:
1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
Page 30 and 31:
1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
Page 32 and 33:
1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
Page 34 and 35:
1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
Page 36 and 37:
1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
Page 38 and 39:
1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
Page 40 and 41:
1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
Page 42 and 43:
1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
Page 44 and 45:
1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
Page 46 and 47:
1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
Page 48 and 49:
1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
Page 50 and 51:
1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
Page 52 and 53:
1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
Page 54 and 55:
1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
Page 56 and 57:
1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
Page 58 and 59:
1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
Page 60 and 61:
1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
Page 62 and 63:
1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
Page 64 and 65:
1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
Page 66 and 67:
1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
Page 92 and 93:
2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
Page 94 and 95:
2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
Page 96 and 97:
2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
Page 98 and 99:
2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
Page 114 and 115:
2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
Page 156 and 157:
2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
Page 158 and 159:
2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
Page 160 and 161:
2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
Page 162 and 163:
2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
Page 164 and 165:
2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
Page 166 and 167:
2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
Page 168 and 169:
2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
Page 170 and 171:
2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
Page 172 and 173:
2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
Page 174 and 175:
2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
Page 176 and 177:
2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
Page 178 and 179:
2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
Page 186 and 187:
2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
Page 188 and 189:
2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
Page 190 and 191:
2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
Page 192 and 193:
2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
Page 194 and 195:
2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
Page 196 and 197:
2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
Page 198 and 199:
2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
Page 200 and 201:
2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
Page 202 and 203:
2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
Page 204 and 205:
2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
Page 206 and 207:
2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
Page 208 and 209:
2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
Page 210 and 211:
2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
Page 212 and 213:
2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
Page 214 and 215:
2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
Page 216 and 217:
2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
Page 218 and 219:
2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
Page 220 and 221:
TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
Page 222 and 223:
2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
Page 224 and 225:
2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
Page 226 and 227:
2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
Page 228 and 229:
3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
Page 230 and 231:
3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
Page 232 and 233:
3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
Page 234 and 235:
3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
Page 236 and 237:
3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
Page 238 and 239:
3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
Page 290 and 291:
SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
Page 292 and 293:
4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
Page 294 and 295:
Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
Page 296 and 297:
PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
Page 376 and 377:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
Page 378 and 379:
TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
Page 380 and 381:
TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
Page 382 and 383:
TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
Page 384 and 385:
formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
Page 386 and 387:
(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
Page 388 and 389:
iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
Page 390 and 391:
Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
Page 392 and 393:
Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
Page 394 and 395:
formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
Page 396 and 397:
Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
Page 398 and 399:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
Page 454 and 455:
TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
Page 456 and 457:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
Page 462 and 463:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
Page 510 and 511:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
Page 512 and 513:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
Page 546 and 547:
SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Page 548 and 549:
THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
Page 550 and 551:
THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
Page 552 and 553:
THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
Page 554 and 555:
THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
Page 556 and 557:
THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
Page 616 and 617:
Page 618 and 619:
Page 620 and 621:
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
Page 654 and 655:
Page 656 and 657:
Page 658 and 659:
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
Page 664 and 665:
Page 666 and 667:
Page 668 and 669:
Page 670 and 671:
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Page 680 and 681:
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
Page 686 and 687:
Page 688 and 689:
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Page 700 and 701:
Page 702 and 703:
Page 704 and 705:
SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
Page 706 and 707:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
Page 708 and 709:
Page 710 and 711:
Page 712 and 713:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
Page 714 and 715:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
Page 716 and 717:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
Page 718 and 719:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
Page 720 and 721:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
Page 722 and 723:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
Page 724 and 725:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
Page 726 and 727:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
Page 728 and 729:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
Page 730 and 731:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
Page 732 and 733:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
Page 740 and 741:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
Page 742 and 743:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
Page 744 and 745:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
Page 764 and 765:
Page 766 and 767:
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
Page 772 and 773:
7.69
Page 774 and 775:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
Page 776 and 777:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
Page 778 and 779:
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
Page 786 and 787:
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
Page 794 and 795:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
Page 796 and 797:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
Page 798 and 799:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
Page 800 and 801:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
Page 802 and 803:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
Page 804 and 805:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
Page 806 and 807:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
Page 816 and 817:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
Page 818 and 819:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
Page 820 and 821:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
Page 822 and 823:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
Page 824 and 825:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
Page 826 and 827:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
Page 828 and 829:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
Page 830 and 831:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
Page 832 and 833:
SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
Page 834 and 835:
Page 836 and 837:
Page 838 and 839:
Page 840 and 841:
Page 842 and 843:
SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
Page 844 and 845:
ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
Page 846 and 847:
Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
Page 852 and 853:
Page 854 and 855:
Page 856 and 857:
Page 858 and 859:
Page 860 and 861:
TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
Page 862 and 863:
TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
Page 864 and 865:
Page 866 and 867:
Page 868 and 869:
Page 870 and 871:
Page 872 and 873:
Page 874 and 875:
Page 876 and 877:
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Page 882 and 883:
Page 884 and 885:
Page 886 and 887:
Page 888 and 889:
Page 890 and 891:
Page 892 and 893:
Page 894 and 895:
Page 896 and 897:
Page 898 and 899:
Page 900 and 901:
Page 902 and 903:
Page 904 and 905:
Page 906 and 907:
Page 908 and 909:
Page 910 and 911:
Page 912 and 913:
Page 914 and 915:
TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
Page 916 and 917:
8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
Page 918 and 919:
4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
Page 920 and 921:
N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
Page 922 and 923:
Page 924 and 925:
Page 926 and 927:
Page 928 and 929:
Page 930 and 931:
Page 932 and 933:
Page 934 and 935:
Page 936 and 937:
Page 938 and 939:
Page 940 and 941:
Page 942 and 943:
Page 944 and 945:
Page 946 and 947:
TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
Page 948 and 949:
Page 950 and 951:
Page 952 and 953:
Page 954 and 955:
Page 956 and 957:
Page 958 and 959:
Page 960 and 961:
1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
Page 962 and 963:
Page 964 and 965:
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
Page 966 and 967:
Page 968 and 969:
Page 970 and 971:
Page 972 and 973: ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
Page 1004 and 1005: TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
Page 1006 and 1007: KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
Page 1008 and 1009: NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
Page 1012 and 1013: 9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
Page 1014 and 1015: 9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
Page 1016 and 1017: 9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
Page 1018 and 1019: 9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
Page 1020 and 1021: 10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
Page 1024 and 1025: 10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
Page 1026 and 1027: 10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
Page 1028 and 1029: 10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
Page 1030 and 1031: 10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
Page 1032 and 1033: 10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
Page 1034 and 1035: 10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
Page 1036 and 1037: 10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
Page 1038 and 1039: 10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
Page 1040 and 1041: TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
Page 1072 and 1073:
TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
Page 1074 and 1075:
TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
Page 1076 and 1077:
10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
Page 1078 and 1079:
10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
Page 1080 and 1081:
10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
Page 1082 and 1083:
10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
Page 1084 and 1085:
10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
Page 1086 and 1087:
TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
Page 1088 and 1089:
TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
Page 1090 and 1091:
TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
Page 1092:
SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
Page 1095 and 1096:
11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
Page 1097 and 1098:
11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
Page 1099 and 1100:
11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
Page 1101 and 1102:
11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
Page 1103 and 1104:
11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
Page 1105 and 1106:
11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
Page 1107 and 1108:
11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
Page 1109 and 1110:
11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1111 and 1112:
11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
Page 1113 and 1114:
TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1115 and 1116:
TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1117 and 1118:
11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
Page 1119 and 1120:
11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
Page 1121 and 1122:
11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
Page 1123 and 1124:
11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
Page 1125 and 1126:
11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1127 and 1128:
11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
Page 1129 and 1130:
11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
Page 1131 and 1132:
11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
Page 1133 and 1134:
11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
Page 1135 and 1136:
Page 1137 and 1138:
Page 1139 and 1140:
Page 1141 and 1142:
Page 1143 and 1144:
Page 1145 and 1146:
Page 1147 and 1148:
Page 1149 and 1150:
Page 1151 and 1152:
Page 1153 and 1154:
Page 1155 and 1156:
Page 1157 and 1158:
Page 1159 and 1160:
11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
Page 1161 and 1162:
11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
Page 1163 and 1164:
11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
Page 1165 and 1166:
11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
Page 1167 and 1168:
11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178:
11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180:
11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182:
11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186:
11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190:
11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192:
11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194:
11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196:
11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198:
11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200:
11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201 and 1202:
11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1203 and 1204:
11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
Page 1205 and 1206:
11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208:
11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210:
11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212:
11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214:
11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1215 and 1216:
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1223 and 1224:
Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
Page 1229 and 1230:
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1231 and 1232:
TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234:
TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236:
TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238:
TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240:
TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242:
11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
Page 1265 and 1266:
Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
Page 1267 and 1268:
Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
Page 1269 and 1270:
Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
Page 1271 and 1272:
Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
Page 1273 and 1274:
Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
Page 1275 and 1276:
Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
Page 1277 and 1278:
Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
Page 1279 and 1280:
Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
Page 1281 and 1282:
Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
Page 1283 and 1284:
Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
Page 1285 and 1286:
Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
Page 1287 and 1288:
Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
Page 1289 and 1290:
Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
Page 1291 and 1292:
Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
show all

preface to fifteenth edition

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?