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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Name Formula Formula weight Density Melting point, C Boiling point, C Solubility in 100 parts solvent 3.40 Nickel (continued) carbonyl Ni(CO) 4 170.73 1.31 19.3 43 (expl 60) s EtOH, bz, acet chloride NiCl 129.60 3.51 1009 subl 973 61 g/100 mL 20 aq chloride 6-water NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O 237.69 100 g/100 mL 20 aq; s alc cyanide 4-water Ni(CN) 2 ·4H 2 O 182.79 anhyd 400 0.006 18 aq; s KCN, NH 4 OH dimethylglyoxime Ni(HC 2 H 6 N 2 O 2 ) 2 288.92 subl 250 i aq; s abs alc, dilute acids (tri-) disulfide Ni 3 S 2 240.21 5.87 790 d 2967 s HNO 3 fluoride NiF 2 96.69 4.72 1450 1740 4 g/100 mL 20 aq; i alc, eth formate 2-water Ni(CHO 2 ) 2 ·2H 2 O 184.78 2.154 20 anhyd 130 d 180–200 s aq; i alc nitrate 6-water Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 290.81 2.05 56.7 136.7 150 g/100 mL 20 aq (II) oxide NiO 74.71 7.45 2000 s acids (III) oxide Ni 2 O 3 165.42 4.83 O 2 , 600 s hot HCl, HNO 3 ,H 2 SO 4 sulfate NiSO 4 154.78 3.68 SO 3 , 840 29 g/100 mL 0 aq sulfate 6-water NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O 262.86 2.07 anhyd 280 40 g/100 mL 20 aq sulfide NiS 90.77 5.3–5.6 976 d 2047 s HNO 3 , KHS tetracarbonyl Ni(CO) 4 170.74 1.3185 17 19.3 42.3 explodes 63; FP 4; s organic solvents Niobium Nb 92.9064 8.57 20 2468 4860 s fused alkali hydroxides (V) chloride NbCl 5 270.20 2.75 206 247.0 s HCl, CCl 4 (V) fluoride NbF 5 187.91 80 2.696 4 80.0 234.9 hyd aq, alc; sl s CS 2 ,CCl 4 (V) oxide Nb 2 O 5 265.82 4.55 1512 s HF, hot H 2 SO 4 Nitrogen N 2 28.0341 1.165 g/L 20 210.01 195.79 mL/100 mL: 1.6 20 aq, 0.112 alc 15 N 2 30.01 1.25 g/L 20 209.952 195.73 (I) oxide N 2 O 44.02 1.843 g/L 20 90.81 88.46 130 0 mL aq; s alc, eth (II) oxide NO 30.01 1.249 g/L 20 163.64 151.76 4.6 mL/100 mL 20 aq (III) oxide N 2 O 3 76.02 1.447 g/L 2 100.7 2 s eth (IV) oxide dimer N 2 O 4 92.02 20 1.448 4 9.3 21.15 d s conc HNO 3 , conc H 2 SO 4 , chl (V) oxide N 2 O 5 108.01 2.05 30 47.0 v s chl; s CCl 4 selenide N 4 Se 4 371.87 4.2 explosive sl s bz, CS 2 sulfide N 4 S 4 184.28 2.24 18 180 185 s organic solvents trichloride NCl 3 120.37 1.653 20 27 71 i aq; s bz, CS 2 ,CCl 4 trifluoride NF 3 70.01 2.96 g/L 20 208.5 129.06
Nitrosyl chloride NOCl 65.47 1.592 5 61.5 5.5 hyd aq; s fuming H 2 SO 4 fluoride NOF 49.01 2.788 g/L 20 132.5 59.9 hyd aq 3.41 hydrogen sulfate NOHSO 4 127.08 d 73.5 d aq; s H 2 SO 4 tetrafluoroborate NO[BF 4 ] 116.83 2.18525 4 subl 250 0.01mm daq Nitryl chloride NO 2 Cl 81.46 2.81 g/L 100 145 14.3 d aq fluoride NO 2 F 65.00 2.7 g/L 20 166.0 72.4 d aq Osmium Os 190.2 22.61 20 3045 5225 s molten alkali or oxidizing fluxes hexafluoride OsF 6 304.2 32.1 45.9 hyd aq tetrachloride OsCl 4 332.0 4.3820 4 subl 450 slow hyd aq tetraoxide OsO 4 254.20 4.91 40.6 130.0 g/100 mL: 7.24 25 aq; 375 25 CCl 4 ;s bz, eth, alc Oxygen O 2 31.9988 1.331 g/L 20 218.4 182.96 mL/100 mL 20 : 3.13 aq, 14.3 alc difluoride OF 2 54.00 2.26 g/L 20 223.8 145.3 6.8 mL/100 mL 0 aq (di-) difluoride O 2 F 2 70.00 1.45 bp (lq) 154 d 100 Ozone O 3 48.00 1.998 g/L 20 192.5 111.9 49.4 mL/100 mL 0 aq Palladium Pd 106.42 12.023 20 1555 3167 s hot HNO 3 ,H 2 SO 4 acetate Pd(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 224.49 205 d i aq, alc; s acet, chl, eth chloride PdCl 2 177.30 4.0 18 680 d 680 s alc, acet, HCl nitrate Pd(NO 3 ) 2 230.42 d s dil HNO 3 oxide PdO 122.40 8.70 20 879 d s 48% HBr; sl s aqua regia Perchloryl fluoride ClO 3 F 102.46 0.637 g/L 147.74 46.67 Phosphorus (white) P 4 molecules 123.8950 1.823 25 44.15 280.3 g/100 mL: 2.86 bz, 2.50 chl, 1.25 CS 2 ; 0.025 abs alc, 1.0 eth (red) P 4 123.8950 2.34 597 subl 416 i aq; ignites in air, 260 hydride, see Phosphine pentabromide PBr 5 430.56 3.46 20 106 d d aq; s CCl 4 ,CS 2 pentachloride PCl 5 208.27 2.119 20 subl 100 166 d hyd aq; s CCl 4 ,CS 2 pentafluoride PF 5 125.98 5.805 g/L 93.8 84.6 hyd aq pen<strong>to</strong>xide (dimer) P 4 O 10 283.88 2.30 340 subl 360 d aq; s H 2 SO 4 pentasulfide P 2 S 5 222.29 2.09 288 514 hyd aq; s alkali; 0.222 17 CS 2 tribromide PBr 3 270.73 2.85 15 41.5 173.2 d aq, alc; s acet, CS 2 trichloride PCl 3 137.35 1.575 20 4 93.6 76.1 d aq, alc; s bz, chl trifluoride PF 3 87.98 3.907 g/L 151.30 101.38 hyd aq trioxide (dimer) P 4 O 6 219.90 2.136 20 4 23.8 173 (N 2 atm) hyd aq; s bz, CS 2 (tetra-) triselenide P 4 Se 3 360.80 1.31 245–246 360–400 flammable in air; s bz, acet, chl, CS 2 (tetra-) trisulfide P 4 S 3 220.09 2.03 17 167 407 100 g/100 mL 17 CS 2 ; s <strong>to</strong>lune
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
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11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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