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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of Some Carboxylic Acids Systematic name Trivial name Systematic name Trivial name Methanoic Formic trans-Methylbutenedioic Mesaconic* Ethanoic Acetic Propanoic Propionic 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic Camphoric Butanoic 2-Methylpropanoic Butyric Isobutyric* acid Pentanoic Valeric Benzenecarboxylic Benzoic 3-Methylbutanoic Isovaleric* 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Phthalic 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic Pivalic* 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic Isophthalic Hexanoic (Caproic) 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic Terephthalic Heptanoic (Enanthic) Naphthalenecarboxylic Naphthoic Octanoic (Caprylic) Methylbenzenecarboxylic Toluic Decanoic (Capric) 2-Phenylpropanoic Hydratropic Dodecanoic Lauric* 2-Phenylpropenoic Atropic Tetradecanoic Myristic* trans-3-Phenylpropenoic Cinnamic Hexadecanoic Palmitic* Furancarboxylic Furoic Octadecanoic Stearic* Thiophenecarboxylic 3-Pyridinecarboxylic Thenoic Nicotinic Ethanedioic Oxalic 4-Pyridinecarboxylic Isonicotinic Propanedioic Malonic Butanedioic Succinic Hydroxyethanoic Glycolic Pentanedioic Glutaric 2-Hydroxypropanoic Lactic Hexanedioic Adipic 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic Glyceric Heptanedioic Pimelic* Hydroxypropanedioic Tartronic Octanedioic Suberic* Hydroxybutanedioic Malic Nonanedioic Azelaic* 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Tartaric Decanedioic Sebacic* 3-Hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic Tropic Propenoic Acrylic 2-Hydroxy-2,2-diphenylethanoic Benzilic Propynoic Propiolic 2-Methylpropenoic Methacrylic 2-Hydroxybenzoic Salicylic trans-2-Butenoic Crotonic Methoxybenzoic Anisic cis-2-Butenoic Isocrotonic 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic Vanillic cis-9-Octadecenoic Oleic trans-9-Octadecenoic Elaidic 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic Veratric cis-Butenedioic Maleic 3,4-Methylenedioxybenzoic Piperonylic trans-Butenedioic Fumaric 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Protocatechuic cis-Methylbutenedioic Citraconic* 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic Gallic * Systematic names should be used in derivatives formed by substitution on a carbon atom. Note: The names in parentheses are abandoned but are listed for reference to older literature. Many trivial names exist for acids; these are listed in Table 1.11. Generally, radicals are formed by replacing -ic acid by -oyl.* When a trivial name is given to an acyclic monoacid or diacid, the numeral 1 is always given as locant to the carbon atom of a carboxyl group in the acid or to the carbon atom with a free valence in the radical RCO9. * Exceptions: formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, oxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl, furoyl, and thenoyl.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.31 1.1.3.13 Ethers (R 1 9O9R 2 ). In substitutivenomenclature, oneof thepossibleradicals, R9O9, is stated as the prefix to the parent compound that is senior from among R 1 or R 2 . Examples are methoxyethane for CH 3 OCH 2 CH 3 and butoxyethanol for C 4 H 9 OCH 2 CH 2 OH. When another principal group has precedence and oxygen is linking two identical parent compounds, the prefix oxy- may be used, as with 2,2-oxydiethanol for HOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH. Compounds of thetypeRO9Y9OR, where the two parent compounds are identical and contain a group having priority over ethers for citation as suffix, are named as assemblies of identical units. For example, HOOC9CH 2 9O9CH 2 CH 2 9O9CH 2 9COOH is named 2,2-(ethylenedioxy)diacetic acid. Linear polyethers derived from three or more molecules of aliphatic dihydroxy compounds, particularly when the chain length exceeds ten units, are most conveniently named by open-chain replacement nomenclature. For example, CH 3 CH 2 9O9CH 2 CH 2 9O9CH 2 CH 3 could be3,6- dioxaoctane or (2-ethoxy)ethoxyethane. An oxygen atom directly attached to two carbon atoms already forming part of a ring system or to two carbon atoms of a chain may be indicated by the prefix epoxy-. For example, CH 2 9CH9CH 2 Cl is named 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane. O Symmetrical linear polyethers may be named (1) in terms of the central oxygen atom when there is an odd number of ether oxygen atoms or (2) in terms of the central hydrocarbon group when there is an even number of ether oxygen atoms. For example, C 2 H 5 9O9C 4 H 8 9O9C 4 H 8 9O9C 2 H 5 is bis-(4-ethoxybutyl)ether, and 3,6-dioxaoctane (earlier example) could be named 1,2- bis(ethoxy)ethane. Partial ethers of polyhydroxy compounds may be named (1) by substitutive nomenclature or (2) by stating thenameof thepolyhydroxy compound followed by thenameof theetherifying radical(s) followed by the word ether. For example, (1) 3-Butoxy-1,2-propanediol (2) Glycerol 1-butyl ether; also, 1-O-butylglycerol Cyclic ethers are named either as heterocyclic compounds or by specialist rules of heterocyclic nomenclature. Radicofunctional names are formed by citing the names of the radicals R 1 and R 2 followed by the word ether. Thus methoxyethane becomes ethyl methyl ether and ethoxyethane becomes diethyl ether. 1.1.3.14 Halogen Derivatives. Using substitutive nomenclature, names are formed by adding prefixes listed in Table 1.8 to the name of the parent compound. The prefix perhalo- implies the replacement of all hydrogen atoms by the particular halogen atoms. Cations of thetypeR 1 R 2 X are given names derived from the halonium ion, H 2 X , by substitution, e.g., diethyliodonium chloride for (C 2 H 5 ) 2 I Cl . Retained are these trivial names; bromoform (CHBr 3 ), chloroform (CHCl 3 ), fluoroform (CHF 3 ), iodoform (CHI 3 ), phosgene (COCl 2 ), thiophosgene (CSCl 2 ), and dichlorocarbene radical ( CCl 2 ). Inorganic nomenclature leads to such names as carbonyl and thiocarbonyl halides (COX 2 and CSX 2 ) and carbon tetrahalides (CX 4 ). 1.1.3.15 Hydroxylamines and Oximes. For RNH9OH compounds, prefix the name of the radical R to hydroxylamine. If another substituent has priority as principal group, attach the prefix
Page 2 and 3: LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
Page 4 and 5: Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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Page 14 and 15: For the detailed contents of any se
Page 16 and 17: 1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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Page 42 and 43: 1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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Page 48 and 49: 1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
Page 50 and 51: 1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
Page 52 and 53: 1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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Page 62 and 63: 1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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Page 66 and 67: 1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
Page 74 and 75: 1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184:
11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
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11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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