preface to fifteenth edition

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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by the radicofunctional method or (2) by substitutive nomenclature. For example, (1) 2-Naphthyl 2-pyridyl diketone (2) 1-(2-Naphthyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)ethanedione Some trivial names are retained: acetone (2-propanone), biacetyl (2,3-butanedione), propiophenone(C 6 H 5 9CO9CH 2 CH 3 ), chalcone(C 6 H 5 9CH"CH9CO9C 6 H 5 ), and deoxybenzoin (C 6 H 5 9CH 2 9CO9C 6 H 5 ). These contracted names of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are retained as alternatives for systematic names, sometimes with indicated hydrogen. In addition, names of oxo derivatives of fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles that systematically end in -idinone are often contracted to end in -idone when no ambiguity might result. For example, 2-Pyridone 2(1H)-Pyridone 4-Pyridone 4(1H)-Pyridone 2-Quinolone 2(1H)-Quinolone 4-Quinolone 4(1H)-Quinolone 1-Isoquinolone 1(2H)-Isoquinolone 4-Oxazolone 4(5H)-Oxazolone 4-Pyrazolone 4(5H)-Pyrazolone 5-Pyrazolone 5(4H)-Pyrazolone 4-Isoxazoline 4(5H)-Isoxazolone 4-Thiazolone 4(5H)-Thiazolone 9-Acridone 9(10H)-Acridone 1.1.3.19 Lactones, Lactides, Lactams, and Lactims. When the hydroxy acid from which water may be considered to have been eliminated has a trivial name, the lactone is designated by substituting -olactone for -ic acid. Locants for a carbonyl group are numbered as low as possible, even before that of a hydroxyl group. Lactones formed from aliphatic acids are named by adding -olide to the name of the nonhydroxylated hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. The suffix -olide signifies the change of CH CH 3 into C C"O. O Structures in which one or more (but not all) rings of an aggregate are lactone rings are named by placing -carbolactone(denoting the9O9CO9 bridge) after the names of the structures that
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1.35 remain when each bridge is replaced by two hydrogen atoms. The locant for 9CO9 is cited before that for the ester oxygen atom. An additional carbon atom is incorporated into this structure as compared to the -olide. These trivial names are permitted: -butyrolactone, -valerolactone, and -valerolactone. Names based on heterocycles may be used for all lactones. Thus, -butyrolactoneis also tetrahydro-2- furanoneor dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. Lactides, intermolecular cyclic esters, are named as heterocycles. Lactams and lactims, containing a 9CO9NH9 and 9C(OH)"N9 group, respectively, are named as heterocycles, but they may also be named with -lactam or -lactim in place of -olide. For example, (1) 2-Pyrrolidinone (2) 4-Butanelactam 1.1.3.20 Nitriles and Related Compounds. For acids whose systematic names end in -carboxylic acid, nitriles arenamed by adding thesuffix -carbonitrilewhen the9CN group replaces the 9COOH group. Thecarbon atom of the9CN group is excluded from the numbering of a chain to which it is attached. However, when the triple-bonded nitrogen atom is considered to replace three hydrogen atoms at the end of the main chain of an acyclic hydrocarbon, the suffix -nitrile is added to the name of the hydrocarbon. Numbering begins with the carbon attached to the nitrogen. For example, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN is named (1) pentanecarbonitrile or (2) hexanenitrile. Trivial acid names are formed by changing the endings -oic acid or -ic acid to -onitrile. For example, CH 3 CN is acetonitrile. When the 9CN group is not thehighest priority group, the9CN group is denoted by the prefix cyano-. In order of decreasing priority for citation of a functional class name, and the prefix for substitutive nomenclature, are the following related compounds: Functional group Prefix Radicofunctional ending 9NC Isocyano- Isocyanide 9OCN Cyanato- Cyanate 9NCO Isocyanato- Isocyanate 9ONC — Fulminate 9SCN Thiocyanato- Thiocyanate 9NCS Isothiocyanato- Isothiocyanate 9SeCN Selenocyanato- Selenocyanate 9NCSe Isoselenocyanato- Isoselenocyanate 1.1.3.21 Peroxides. Compounds of thetypeR9O9OH arenamed (1) by placing thenameof theradical R beforetheword hydroperoxide or (2) by use of the prefix hydroperoxy- when another parent name has higher priority. For example, C 2 H 5 OOH is ethyl hydroperoxide. Compounds of thetypeR 1 O9OR 2 arenamed (1) by placing thenames of theradicals in alphabetical order before the word peroxide when the group 9O9O9 links two chains, two rings, or a ring and a chain, (2) by useof theaffix dioxy to denotethebivalent group 9O9O9 for naming assemblies of identical units or to form part of a prefix, or (3) by use of the prefix epidioxywhen the peroxide group forms a bridge between two carbon atoms, a ring, or a ring system.
Page 2 and 3: LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
Page 4 and 5: Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
Page 10 and 11: xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
Page 14 and 15: For the detailed contents of any se
Page 16 and 17: 1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
Page 18 and 19: 1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
Page 20 and 21: 1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
Page 22 and 23: 1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
Page 24 and 25: 1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
Page 26 and 27: 1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
Page 28 and 29: 1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
Page 30 and 31: 1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
Page 32 and 33: 1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
Page 34 and 35: 1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
Page 36 and 37: 1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
Page 38 and 39: 1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
Page 40 and 41: 1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
Page 42 and 43: 1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
Page 44 and 45: 1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
Page 46 and 47: 1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
Page 50 and 51: 1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
Page 52 and 53: 1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
Page 54 and 55: 1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
Page 56 and 57: 1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
Page 58 and 59: 1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
Page 60 and 61: 1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
Page 62 and 63: 1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
Page 64 and 65: 1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
Page 66 and 67: 1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
Page 74 and 75: 1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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Page 92 and 93: 2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
Page 94 and 95: 2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
Page 96 and 97: 2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
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11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
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11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
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11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
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11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
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11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
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11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
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11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
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11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
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11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
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TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
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11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
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11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
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11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
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11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
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11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
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11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
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11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
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11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol
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11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
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11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
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11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
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11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
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11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
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11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
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Page 1229 and 1230:
11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
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TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
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TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
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TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
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TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
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TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
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11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
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Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
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Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
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Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
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Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
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Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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