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PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.111 Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation): dissolve 100 g of K 2 CO 3 , 66 g of KCl, and 160 of KHCO 3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30C. Add 4.4 g of copper sulfate and dilute to 1 liter after the CO 2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow the entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL diluted to a liter with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL # 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose): dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 liter. Barium chloride, BaCl 2· 2H2O90.5N: 61gper liter. Barium hydroxide, Barium nitrate, Ba(OH) · 8H O90.2N: 32g 2 2 Ba(NO ) 90.5N: 65g 3 2 per liter. per liter for saturation. Baudisch’s reagent: see cupferron. Benedict’s qualitative reagent (for glucose): dissolve 173 g of sodiumcitrate and 100 g of anhydrous sodiumcarbonate in about 600 mL of water, and dilute to 850 mL; dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO 4· 5H2O in 100 mL of water and dilute to 150 mL; this solution is added to the citratecarbonate solution with constant stirring. See also the quantitative reagent below. Benedict’s quantitative reagent (sugar in urine): This solution contains 18 g copper sulfate, 100 g of anhydrous sodiumcarbonate, 200 g of potassiumcitrate, 125 g of potassiumthiocyanate, and 0.25 g of potassiumferrocyanide per liter; 1 mL of this solution # 0.002 g sugar. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfate determination): mix 6.7 g of benzidine [C 12 H 8 (NH 2 ) 2 ] or 8.0 g of the hydrochloride [C12H 8(NH 2) 2 · 2HCl] into a paste with 20 mL of water; add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute the mixture to 1 liter with water; each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g H 2 SO 4 . Benzopurpurine 4B (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 100 mL water; pH range blue-violet 1.3–4.0 red. Benzoyl auramine (indicator): dissolve 0.25 g in 100 mL methyl alcohol; pH range violet 5.0– 5.6 pale yellow. Since this compound is not stable in aqueous solution, hydrolyzing slowly in neutral medium, more rapidly in alkaline, and still more rapidly in acid solution, the indicator should not be added until one is ready to titrate. The acid quinoid formof the compound is dichroic, showing a red-violet in thick layers and blue in thin. At a pH of 5.4 the indicator appears a neutral gray color by daylight or a pale red under tungsten light. The change to yellow is easily recognized in either case. Cf. Scanlan and Reid, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 7:125 (1935). Bertrand’s reagents (glucose estimation): (a) 40 g of copper sulfate diluted to 1 liter; (b) rochelle salt 200 g, NaOH 150 g, and sufficient water to make 1 liter; (c) ferric sulfate 50 g, H 2 SO 4 200 g, and sufficient water to make 1 liter; (d) KMnO 4 5 g and sufficient water to make 1 liter. Bial’s reagent (for pentoses): dissolve 1 g of orcinol in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% ferric chloride solution have been added. Bismuth chloride, BiCl390.5N: 52 g per liter, using 1:5 HCl in place of water. Bismuth nitrate, Bi(NO) ·5HO90.25N: 40 g per liter, using 1:5 HNO in place of water. 2 3 3 2 3 Bismuth standard solution (quantitative color test for Bi): dissolve 1gof bismuth in a mixture of 3 mL of concentrated HNO 3 and 2.8 mL of H 2 O and make up to 100 mL with glycerol. Also dissolve 5 g of KI in 5 mL of water and make up to 100 mL with glycerol. The two solutions are used together in the colorimetric estimation of Bi. Boutron-Boudet solution: see soap solution.
11.112 SECTION 11 Bromchlorophenol blue, dibromodichlorophenol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 8.6 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; pH range yellow 3.2–4.8 blue. Bromcresol green, tetrabromo-m-cresol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 7.15 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; or, 0.1 g in 100 mL 20% alcohol; pH range yellow 4.0–5.6 blue. Bromcresol purple, dibromo-o-cresol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 9.5 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; or, 0.1 g in 100 mL 20% alcohol; pH range yellow 5.2–6.8 purple. Bromine water, saturated solution: to 400 mL water add 20 mL of bromine; use a glass stopper coated with petrolatum. Bromphenol blue, tetrabromophenol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 7.45 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; or, 0.1 g in 100 mL 20% alcohol; pH range yellow 3.6–4.6 violet-blue. Bromphenol red, dibromophenol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 9.75 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; pH range yellow 5.2–7.0 red. Bromthymol blue, dibromothymol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 8.0 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; or, 0.1 g in 100 mL of 20% alcohol; pH range yellow 6.0–7.6 blue. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitant): dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, saturate with HgI 2 (about 120 g), and dilute to 1 liter. Cadmium chloride, CdCl290.5N: 46gper liter. Cadmium nitrate, Cadmium sulfate, Calcium chloride, Calcium hydroxide, Calcium nitrate, Cd(NO) ·4HO90.5N: 77g 3 2 2 CdSO · 4H O90.5N: 70g 4 2 CaCl · 6H O90.5N: 55g 2 2 Ca(OH) 90.04N: 10g 2 Ca(NO ) · 4H O90.5N: 59g 3 2 2 per liter. per liter. per liter. per liter for saturation. per liter. Calcium sulfate, CaSO 4· 2H2O90.03N: mechanically stir 10 g in a liter of water for 3 hours; decant and use the clear liquid. Carbon disulfide, CS 2 : commercial grade which is colorless. Chloride reagent: dissolve 1.7 g of AgNO 3 and 25 g KNO 3 in water, add 17 mL of concentrated NH 4 OH and make up to 1 liter with water. Chlorine water, saturated solution: pass chlorine gas into small amounts of water as needed; solutions deteriorate on standing. Chloroform, CHCl 3 : commercial grade. Chloroplatinic acid, H2PtCl 6· 6H2O910% solution: dissolve 1gin 9mLof water; keep in a dropping bottle. Chlorphenol red, dichlorophenol-sulfonphthalein (indicator): dissolve 0.1 g in 11.8 mL 0.02 N NaOH and dilute with water to 250 mL; or, 0.1 g in 100 mL 20% alcohol; pH range yellow 5.2– 6.6 red. Chromic chloride, CrCl390.5N: 26gper liter. Chromic nitrate, Chromic sulfate, Cobaltous nitrate, Cr(NO ) 90.5N: 40g 3 3 per liter. Cr (SO ) · 18H O90.5N: 60g 2 4 3 2 Co(NO ) · 6H O90.5N: 73g 3 2 2 per liter. per liter.
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. 25 1.2500
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Pressure
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d 10
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.3 5.1 SOLUBIL
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO 2 ) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9
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(III) sulfateCe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·9H 2
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iodidePbI 2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO 4 ·6H 2 O (pale
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3 ) 3 55
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 98 10
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.25 TABLE 5.3
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.57 5.3 BOILIN
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.83 5.4 FREEZI
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.87 5.5 DENSIT
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 dt Dt P
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.135 5.6.1 Ref
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.139 5.7 COMBU
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Temperature, C Substance 40 20 0 20
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.3 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.9 TABLE 7.3 Critical
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.11 TABLE 7.4 X-Ray E
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.15 TABLE 7.7 Analyzi
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.19 TABLE 7.9 Electro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.21 TABLE 7.11 Absorp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.25 7.3 FLUORESCENCE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.29 TABLE 7.18 Detect
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.35 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.37 TABLE 7.19 Sensit
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.39 In terms of m ,
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.41 The ionization co
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.67 TABLE 7.28 Infrar
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7.69
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.71 7.6 RAMAN SPECTRO
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.89 7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNE
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.91 TABLE 7.41 Nuclea
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.93 TABLE 7.42 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.97 TABLE 7.46 Proton
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.101 TABLE 7.49 Carbo
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.107 TABLE 7.56 One-B
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.113 TABLE 7.63 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.115 TABLE 7.64 Nitro
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.117 TABLE 7.69 Fluor
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.119 TABLE 7.72 Silic
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.121 TABLE 7.73 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.123 TABLE 7.74 Phosp
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.125 when z 3 and y
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.127 Masses 19 and 31
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.129 TABLE 7.76 Conde
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pK a and Rh
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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10.58 SECTION 10 10.4 FORMULAS AND
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10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
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10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
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10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
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10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
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TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
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TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
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TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
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SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
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11.4 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.2 Molecula
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11.6 SECTION 11 A saturated aqueous
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11.8 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.6 Relative
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11.10 SECTION 11 11.3 BOILING POINT
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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic
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11.14 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.9 Molecul
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11.4 SEPARATION METHODS TABLE 11.11
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11.18 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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11.20 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.12 Solven
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
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11.26 SECTION 11 11.4.1 McReynolds
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11.28 SECTION 11 11.4.2.2 Partition
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11.30 SECTION 11 FIGURE 11.2 Band a
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11.32 SECTION 11 11.4.3 Ion-Exchang
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11.34 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.36 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.16 Guide
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11.38 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.18 Relati
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11.40 SECTION 11 distribution coeff
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11.42 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
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Page 1151 and 1152: 11.60 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.19 Gravim
Page 1159 and 1160: 11.68 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.20 Elemen
Page 1161 and 1162: 11.70 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.22 Common
Page 1163 and 1164: 11.72 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.25 Tolera
Page 1165 and 1166: 11.74 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.26 Heatin
Page 1167 and 1168: 11.76 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.28 Titrim
Page 1175 and 1176: 11.84 SECTION 11 appears becomes le
Page 1177 and 1178: 11.86 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1179 and 1180: 11.88 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.29 Equati
Page 1181 and 1182: 11.90 SECTION 11 The more stable th
Page 1183 and 1184: 11.92 SECTION 11 11.6.6.2.5 Buffer
Page 1185 and 1186: 11.94 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.30 Standa
Page 1187 and 1188: TABLE 11.32 Properties and Applicat
Page 1189 and 1190: 11.98 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.36 Maskin
Page 1191 and 1192: 11.100 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.37 Anion
Page 1193 and 1194: 11.102 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.39 Amino
Page 1195 and 1196: 11.104 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.44 Facto
Page 1197 and 1198: 11.106 SECTION 11 11.7 LABORATORY S
Page 1199 and 1200: 11.108 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.48 Stand
Page 1201: 11.110 SECTION 11 Alizarin yellow G
Page 1205 and 1206: 11.114 SECTION 11 p-Ethoxychrysoidi
Page 1207 and 1208: 11.116 SECTION 11 Mercurous nitrate
Page 1209 and 1210: 11.118 SECTION 11 Potassium carbona
Page 1211 and 1212: 11.120 SECTION 11 until the ammoniu
Page 1213 and 1214: 11.122 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.49 TLV C
Page 1221 and 1222: 11.130 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.50 Chemi
Page 1229 and 1230: 11.138 SECTION 11 of water which is
Page 1231 and 1232: TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234: TABLE 11.56 Type B Thermocouples: P
Page 1235 and 1236: TABLE 11.58 Type J Thermocouples: I
Page 1237 and 1238: TABLE 11.60 Type N Thermocouples: N
Page 1239 and 1240: TABLE 11.62 Type S Thermocouples: P
Page 1241 and 1242: 11.150 SECTION 11 11.11 CORRECTION
Page 1243 and 1244: Index Terms Links 2 Acid-base indic
Page 1245 and 1246: Index Terms Links 4 Alkynes, nomenc
Page 1247 and 1248: Index Terms Links 6 Aurintricarboxy
Page 1249 and 1250: Index Terms Links 8 Boron-11 chemic
Page 1251 and 1252: Index Terms Links 10 Cellulose acet
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Index Terms Links 12 Collective ino
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Index Terms Links 14 Degree Fahrenh
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Index Terms Links 16 Electrical res
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Index Terms Links 18 Equivalent wei
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Index Terms Links 20 Fluorocarbon p
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Index Terms Links 22 Halogenated hy
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Index Terms Links 24 Impact strengt
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Index Terms Links 26 Kα 1 lines, m
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Index Terms Links 28 Melmine phenol
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Index Terms Links 30 Neon-neon bond
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Index Terms Links 32 One-tailed tes
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Index Terms Links 34 Physical chemi
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Index Terms Links 36 Polyolefin the
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Index Terms Links 38 Pyridine: bina
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Index Terms Links 40 Rho values: fo
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Index Terms Links 42 Single-bond ra
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Index Terms Links 44 Stereoisomers
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Index Terms Links 46 Tension, aqueo
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Index Terms Links 48 Triethylenetet
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Index Terms Links 50 Water (Cont.)
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